Pakistan Essay - 861 Words

Pakistan: Foreign Policy Pakistan, a land of many splendors and opportunities, a repository of a unique blend of history and culture for both the East and West has been the cradle of one of the oldest civilizations. The Indus valley, is the ninth most populous Area in the world, with 134 million tough, conscientious, hard working people wishing and striving hard to enter into the 21st century as equal partners in the community of the different developed nations. During the last 20 years Pakistans economy has been one of the fastest growing in the world-the seventh fastest in Asia (www.forisb.org/fpolicy). Pakistans economy has been becoming large on a worldwide scale, with the annual gross domestic product growing at more than six†¦show more content†¦Pakistan now has a highly developed financial sector consisting of local as well as foreign commercial banks, investment banks, leasing companies, mutual funds and varies other fund companies. Besides providing working capital and long-term financing to the investors, these banks offer a number of facilities such as remittance of profits/dividends and maintenance of foreign currency accounts (www.mofa.com). Now because of this, various cities in Pakistan have developed stock exchanges with major corporations in the U.S. Security in Pakistan has been a major issue since the origins of the country and its controversial creation. The overriding objective of Pakistans foreign policy is the safe guarding of its sovereignty, security and territorial integrity. This is underpinned by its firm adherence to immutable principles of interstate relations. The violence accompanying the partition leading to the emergence of the two independent states of Pakistan and India generated hostility, which continues to afflict relations between the two countries, mainly because of the unresolved issue of Jammu and Kashmir. The issue is the source of continuing tensions and conflict, and shaped the unstable and tense security environment in the region. The historicalShow MoreRelatedThe, Pakistan, And Pakistan Essay1993 Words   |  8 Pages Manzoor et al (2013) reported that Pir Lisura N. Park, AJK, Pakistan area has 159 species of vascular plants, belonging to 83 different families which includes 48 species of trees, 38 shrubs, 61 herbs, 7 grasses, 1 epiphyte and 4 ferns. Among trees 2 species of gymnosperms which are widely distributed on all mountain slopes and most frequently exploited for timber. Other 46 tree species are angiosperms which occur in selected patches of favourable habitat, mostly associated with human settlementsRead MorePakistan And The Climate Of Pakistan1369 Words   |  6 PagesPakistan is located in the temperate area on the planet. The climate of Pakistan is generally divided by two main seasons of cold winter and hot summer. 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Comparitive Life Cycle Costing for of a Gasoline and a Hybrid Car Free Essays

string(159) " of the models of Honda is â€Å"The Civic Hybrid 2008† which is the latest model which uses hybrid technology for propulsion, which is taken into study \(www\." COMPARITIVE LIFE CYCLE COSTING FOR OF A GASOLINE AND A HYBRID CAR Digvesh khot , Narendran Neelagandan ABSTRACT The depletion of the fossil fuels is emerging as a concern for the whole world. The major sources for the consumption of this fossil fuel are our vehicles that use much of the oil for their operation. The need has been felt to devise the alternative fuel for our vehicles which should be the sustainable option so that it does not contribute to the environmental impacts rigorously. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparitive Life Cycle Costing for of a Gasoline and a Hybrid Car or any similar topic only for you Order Now The objective of the comparative analysis is to know the feasibility of the hybrid car against the petrol car. The procedure adopted for the comparative analysis is to do life cycle costing of both the engines by considering the cost, benefits, maintenance and repairs for both the engines. The weight scoring model was also developed to analyze the feasibility of both the engines on the grounds of terms like safety, comfort, emissions and incentives. After completing the comparative analysis the life cycle costing model and the weight scoring model yield the results which were analyzed and the necessary recommendations were made. The results of the comparative analysis revealed that though the Hybrid cars initially cost more, but if they are run for more than 20,000 miles than the total cost per mile is less than the petrol cars. Also weighing model for both the cars gives more weightage to hybrid cars in terms of emissions and incentives. KEYWORDS: Life Cycle costing, alternative fuels, hybrid vehicles, petrol engines. LITERATURE REVIEW Today the major problem the whole world is facing is the depletion of fossil fuels. Most of the vehicles run on these fossil fuels. It is estimated that if the consumption of these fossil fuels continues at the same rate then by the end of 2030 the fossil fuels will get reduced by 50% of the current value and the prices will increase by $10/ gallon (Kibert, 2008). To overcome this problem a lot of automobile companies are working on the new design of engine which will work on some other source of energy other than fossil fuels. So hybrid model cars were developed keeping in mind of these problems. The first hybrid car model was developed by Dr Ferdinand Porsche in 1902 using a petrol engine, rotating at a constant speed to drive a ynamo, which charged the accumulators (www. wikipedia. com; 10, 2008). These accumulators fed current to electric motors contained within the hubs of the front wheels. Before this several advancements were made in non-gasoline motors, mainly electric cars (www. wikipedia. com). Such non-gasoline car was invented somewhere around years from 1832 and 1839, by Robert Anderson of Scotland a nd his electric carriage (www. wikipedia. com; 10, 2008). After that several car manufactures have been working on different technology for a long time and recently hybrid cars were developed (www. wikipedia. com; 10, 2008). Hybrid cars are vehicles driven by hybrid engines, which are any engine that combines two or more sources of power, generally gasoline and electricity (Lipman, et. al, 2003). There are two types of gasoline-electric hybrid cars; the parallel hybrid, and the series hybrid. Both of these use gasoline-electric hybrid technology (Lipman, et. al, 2003). In parallel hybrid cars, the gasoline and electric motors work together to move the car forward. In series, the gasoline engine either directly powers an electric motor which in turn powers the vehicle or charges the battery that will in turn power the motor(Lipman, et. l, 2003). Both these type of hybrid cars use another technology called Regenerative braking which stores the kinetic energy that is created while braking. This energy is stored in a battery which runs the electric motor. (Lipman, et. al, 2003) PROJECT SUMMARY This project was based on the life cycle costing and the comparative analysis of the hybrid engines and the petrol e ngines. The goal of the project was to calculate the total cost of both the engines during their life cycle and to analyze their performance and the impacts of environments. The first objective was to develop the life cycle cost model for studying their performance with respect to the annual mileage and the total cost per year spent on both type of cars. The second objective was to develop the weight scoring model for both types of cars to analyze them on the grounds of safety, comfort, emissions, and incentives. Life cycle model for both the cars were developed using the cost components like depreciation, fees and taxes, finance, fuel, insurance, maintenance , and repairs. All the data for these cost components for both types of engines were collected from the company websites and the EPA website. After the collection of these data, the life cycle cost model has been used for calculating the total life cycle cost for hybrid as well as petrol engines. The results were analyzed for both the alternatives and the conclusions were made. Weight scoring model was also developed for the comparative analysis which included the components like safety, comfort, emissions, and the incentives. The relative weights for these components were assigned according to the priorities from the consumer point of view. The rating points were also assigned and both the cars were rated according to the aforesaid components. The sources for the data were the company websites and the EPA websites for the emission data was also cited. The results of the Weight scoring model were then analyzed and the final conclusions were made. The comparative study for both the cars revealed that the hybrid cars are more efficient in terms of long term usage than the petrol cars. CASE STUDY DESCRIPTION Many car manufactures are working on this hybrid technology to improve the fuel consumption and decrease the emission levels and Honda is one of the leading car manufacturers who have released different hybrid models into the market (www. onda. com; 11, 2008). One of the models of Honda is â€Å"The Civic Hybrid 2008† which is the latest model which uses hybrid technology for propulsion, which is taken into study (www. You read "Comparitive Life Cycle Costing for of a Gasoline and a Hybrid Car" in category "Life" honda. com; 11, 2008). The Civic Hybrid 2008 uses gasoline and electric power train for the propulsion. The engine is a 1399cc, 4 cylinder aluminum-alloy engine which supplies a power of 110hp@6000rpm (www. honda. com; 11, 2008). The electric motor supplies a maximum of 158 volts (www. honda. com; 11, 2008). The functioning of the system at various stages is different and is explained below. STARTING: The car uses an IMA (Integrated motor assist) system motor to start. If the IMA battery-pack charge is too low or if it’s very cold outside, the system has a separate battery and starter motor to back it up. (www. honda. com; 11, 2008) ACCELERATION: When extra acceleration is needed, while passing or climbing up an inclined region, the IMA System’s electric motor adds its torque automatically to the engine’s to give extra power. (www. honda. com; 11, 2008) CITY CRUISING: At steady speeds below 35 mph on level roads and under light throttle, fuel injection is ceased and the car is propelled olely by the electric motor. (www. honda. com; 11, 2008) HIGHWAY: At higher cruising speeds, the gasoline engine provides the motive power. The motor has been developed in such a way that it reduces the fuel consumption to particular levels. (www. honda. com; 11, 2008) BRAKING: The cars IMA System tap’s the kinetic energy that is produced in the vehicle, when b rakes are applied. During that period, the system’s motor turns itself into a generator, and helps in slowing down the car while at the same time it builds up the energy stored in the batteries. www. honda. com; 11, 2008) AT A STOP: When stopped, the gasoline engine automatically shuts off. When we lift our foot off the brake, and the engine restarts automatically. (www. honda. com; 11, 2008) These setups have been made to increase the vehicle performance and make them fuel efficient. The benefits of the refined gasoline electric power train are fuel economy and environment friendly emissions. This vehicle is certified by Environment protection agency (EPA) and passes all the regulation of EPA 2008 for environment. This car is also equipped with the rating of Advanced Technology of Partial Zero Emission Vehicle (AT-PZEV) which is the most stringent emission standards of United States which in turn is certified by California Air Resource Board (CARB). The technology being new is expensive and the initial cost for hybrid car is high as compared to the petrol engine cars. But if compared the life cycle cost is considerably less as compared to petrol engine due to the benefits of low emissions and fuel economy of the hybrid cars. (www. honda. om; 11, 2008) The petrol version of 2008 Honda civic sedan which is currently out in the market, is a normal car that runs on a gasoline engine. The engine is a 1799cc aluminum-alloy which produces 140hp@6300rpm (www. honda. com; 11, 2008). Gasoline or petrol engines are basic internal combustion engines which run on volatile fuels. They use air and fuel mixed together and a spark plug which produces the fire for combustion. The energy that is created is used to run the drive shaft which in-turn runs the wheel (www. wikipedia. com; 10, 2008). Petrol engines were developed by the engineers Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz (both from Germany) in 1885 who both together started the Daimler-Benz car plant (www. wikipedia. com; 10, 2008). Gasoline engines are the widely used internal combustion engines which have been under constant improvisation to improve their efficiency and to reduce the emission levels from them (www. wikipedia. com; 10, 2008). Different industries have been working towards that and Honda is one of the industries who have taken serious steps to reduce the emission levels from normal gasoline engines. www. honda. com; 11, 2008) These are the two products for which the life-cycle cost model analysis is going to be created. LIFE CYCLE COST MODEL DESCRIPTION The Life Cycle Cost (LCC) model for comparative analysis of hybrid and the petrol cars was based on following cost components: †¢Depreciation †¢Insurance †¢Financing †¢Taxes and fees †¢Fuel †¢Maintenance †¢Repairs The sourc e for developing the model was (Shtub, et. al; 2005). LCCcars = LCCdepreciation + LCCinsurance+ LCCfinancing+ LCCtaxes and fees+ LCCfuel + LCCmaintenance+ LCCrepairs. The LCC model for car is the summation of the all the cost components which will yield the total life cycle cost (Shtub, et. al; 2005). The assumptions that have been made are in terms of time frame and the cost components are as follows: 1. Time frame: The time frame for calculation has been taken as 5 years. All the data for the cost components are based on 5 years. 2. Depreciation: it is the value of the vehicle which declines as the vehicle gets older. The age of the vehicle is related to the number of miles it has travelled. For both the cars it the average of 15, 000 miles per year is being considered. 3. Insurance: It is the average annual insurance that has been taken into account. The premium charged per year for the insurance of the car has been taken from the website of Honda company for the Louisiana state. 4. Financing: This is the interest expense on a loan in the amount of true market value purchase price + destination charge + base sales tax initial fees (www. honda. com; 11, 2008). The values for these expenses are considered for Louisiana region assuming the 10% down payment and a loan term of 60 months. 5. Taxes and fees: we have included base sales taxes, license and registration fees in Louisiana region (www. dmunds. com, 11/2008). 6. Fuel: Assuming 45% driving on freeways and 55% driving in city we have collected the data for the fuel from www. epa. gov. 7. Maintenance: We have considered both the scheduled and the unscheduled maintenance in this cost components. 8. Repairs: the estimated expenses for repairs that do not come under the manufacturer’s warranty f or five years, is taken as repairs. (www. edmund. com;11, 2008) The life cycle costing has been done for three conditions and they are: †¢Condition 1: cost component data for USA †¢Condition 2: cost component data for Louisiana. Condition 3: distance travelled is 10, 000 miles with a 55% driving in city and 45% driving on freeways. CHECK LIST MODEL DESCRIPTION The weighing model that has been created has taken into consideration of few factors which are not taken into account by many car owners. Factors like safety, comfort, and emissions do not play a significant factor for many people who plan to buy a car. This motivated us to create the scoring model for these factors. For the Honda civic Dx (2008 model) and Honda civic hybrid (2008, model) safety, comfort, and emissions are taken into account and the relative weights are given. The safety features are good for the in the midsize segment with disc for the front, 4 wheel ABC and the airbags for the head, and side (www. honda. com; 11, 2008). But these can be improved to the next level by adding the disc brakes to all the wheels and by increasing the number of airbags. The comfort level is taken into consideration as some people spend more time in the car driving around, so the comfort level plays an important part. The next criteria are the emission levels of the car which is taken into consideration for analyzing the environmental impact of them. The last criteria is the incentives that are being offered for the buying a hybrid cars. The source for developing the weighing model was (Shtub, et. al; 2005). On the basis of the above criteria the weighing model has been developed and the results were analyzed to make conclusions. RESULTS Life cycle costing Model 1: Honda Civic Dx 4 door Sedan Condition 1: cost component data for USA Maximum or manufacturer’s suggestion retail price: $ 15, 810. Owner ship: 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 10,112 Fees and taxes 730 Finance 2331 Fuel9945 Insurance8348 Maintenance1720 Repairs643 Total life cycle cost37645 Note: The miles driven are kept constant and the values are tabulated for USA Source: www. autochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data except for the fuel data. www. epa. gov – fuel data. Condition 2: cost component data for Louisiana. Maximum or manufacturer’s suggestion retail price: $ 15, 810. Owner ship: 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 9002 Fees and taxes 1407 Finance 2963 Fuel8478 Insurance10119 Maintenance2934 Repairs625 Total life cycle cost35528 Note: the above values are taken for Louisiana region Source: www. utochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data except for the fuel data. www. epa. gov- Fuel data. Condition 3: distance travelled is 10, 000 miles with a 55% driving in city and 45% driving on freeways. Maximum or manufacturer’s suggestion retail price: $ 15, 810. The car has driven for 10,000 miles (55% city and 45% freeways) Owner shi p: 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 8851 Fees and taxes 1194 Finance 2405 Fuel6568 Insurance6759 Maintenance1176 Repairs564 Opportunity cost2999 Total life cycle cost30, 518 Note: the cost per mile for 10,000 miles is $. 1, for 15,000 miles is $. 48, and for 20,000 miles $0. 46. Source: www. autochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data except for the fuel data. www. epa. gov- Fuel data. Model 2: Honda Civic hybrid 4 door Sedan Condition 1: cost component data for USA Maximum or manufacturer’s suggestion retail price: $ 22, 600. Owner ship: 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 11993 Fees and taxes 1974 Finance 4117 Fuel6155 Insurance10622 Maintenance2932 Repairs625 Total life cycle cost38478 Note: The miles driven are kept constant and the values are tabulated for USA Source: www. utochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data except for the fuel data. www. epa. gov – Fuel dat a. Condition 2: cost component data for Louisiana. Maximum or manufacturer’s suggestion retail price: $ 22,600. Owner ship: 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 13128 Fees and taxes 511 Finance 3331 Fuel6846 Insurance9252 Maintenance1920 Opportunity cost3857 Repairs679 Total life cycle cost39525 Note: the above values are taken for Louisiana region Source: www. autochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data except for the fuel data. ww. epa. gov – fuel data. Condition 3: Distance travelled is 10, 000 miles with a 55% driving in city and 45% driving on freeways. Maximum or manufacturer’s suggestion retail price: $ 22, 600. The car has driven for 10,000 miles (55% city and 45% freeways) Owner ship: 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 12189 Fees and taxes 1157 Finance 3615 Fuel4536 Insurance7491 Maintenance1402 Repairs596 Opportunity cost3212 Total life cycle cost34198 Note: the cost per mile for 10,000 miles is $. 68, for 15,000 miles is $. 51, and for 20,000 miles $0. 47. Source: www. autochannel. om, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data except for the fuel data. www. epa. gov – Fuel data. Sensitivity analysis The data used for sensitivity analysis was miles per year travelled and the increment taken for it was 5000. For Model 1: Honda Civic Dx 4 door Sedan No of milesCost per mile($)Data source 100000. 61www. epa. gov 150000. 48www. epa. gov 200000. 46www. epa. gov 250000. 47www. epa. gov For Model 2: Honda Civic hybrid 4 door Sedan No of milesCost per mile($)Data source 100000. 68www. epa. gov 150000. 51www. epa. gov 200000. 47www. epa. gov 50000. 45www. epa. gov The initial cost for the petrol engine may be less than the hybrid cars but after 20000 miles of running hybrid cars are more fuel efficient than the petrol engines. After performing the sensitivity analysis we observed that initially the cost per mile for petrol is less than the hybrid cars , but as you increase the number of miles after 20,000 miles hybrid cars become more fuel efficient. The breakeven point on the sensitivity graph shows the changing nature of fuel efficiency for hybrid cars and petrol cars. Weight scoring method (Shtub, et. al; 2005). Weighing model for Honda civic DX 2008: For all criteria and the relative weight the values are assumed according to the priority of consumer. CriteriaRelative weightExcellent 30(assumed)Good 20(assumed)Fair 10(assumed)Poor 0(assumed)Factor score safety. 3v6 Comfort. 2v2 emissions. 4v2 incentives. 1v0 total1. 0010 Source: www. autochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for criteria data except the fuel data and www. epa. gov for fuel data. Weighing model for Honda civic hybrid 2008: For all criteria and the relative weight the values are assumed according to the priority of consumer. CriteriaRelative weightExcellent 30(assumed)Good 20(assumed)Fair 10(assumed)Poor 0(assumed)Factor score safety. 3v6 Comfort. 2v4 emissions. 412 incentives. 1v3 total1. 00v25 Source: www. autochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for criteria data except the fuel data and www. epa. gov for fuel data. The weighing score model shows that for hybrid cars the factor score is more than the petrol car and the reason is the hybrid cars are more emission free than the petrol car, also the criteria of the incentive for hybrid car makes it more preferable for the customers. The hybrid cars have a 25-100% federal tax credit which could move people towards buying the hybrid cars which are environmentally friendly as compared to petrol (www. honda. com; 11/2008) . Conclusions After carrying out the life cycle costing, sensitivity analysis, and the weight scoring the following conclusions can be reached: †¢Though the petrol cars are cheaper than the hybrid cars but the life cycle cost of hybrid cars after 20,000 miles makes it the better option. †¢Due to the depletion of fossil fuels, petrol cars do not serve to be the best option. Hybrid cars produced less emission than the petrol engines so they are environmentally friendly cars which makes them a sustainable product. †¢The incentives offered by the federal state government for buying the hybrid car may serve as a good step towards motivating people to go for hybrid option Bibliography autochannel. (2008). comparison of hybrid cars and petrol engine cars for miles travelled. Retrieved 11 24 , 2008, from www. autochannel. com. Avraham Shtub, j. F. (2005). Project management process, methodology and economics. pper saddle river, new jersey: pearson, prantice hall. edmund. (2008). cost comparison data for hybrid and petrol cars. Retrieved 11 24, 2008, from www. edmund. com. environmental protection agency. (2008). emissions for hybrid and petrol engines. Retrieved 11 29, 2008, from www. epa. gov. Environmental protection agency. (2008). fuel cost for hybrid and petrol engines. Retrieved 11 29, 2008, from www. epa. gov. H. Paul Barringer, P. D. (1996). Life Cycle Cost Tutorial. Houston, Texas: Marriott Houston Westside. Heather L. MacLean, e. (2000). A Life-Cycle Comparison of Alternative Automobile Fuels. journal of the air and waste management association , 1769-1779. honda USA. (2008). hybrid cars and petrol cars. Retrieved 11 24, 2008, from www. honda. com. Jeremy Hackney, R. d. (1999). Life cycle model of alternative fuel vehicles: emissions, energy,and cost trade-offs. science direct journal , 243-267. lester lave, h. m. (2000). life cycle analysis of automobile fuel/propulsion technologies. environmental science and technology , 1600-1698. Steven Kmenta, K. I. (2000). SCENARIO-BASED FMEA: A LIFE CYCLE COST PERSPECTIVE. Baltimore, Maryland: ASME. the fuel cell vehicle analysis of enegy use, emission and cost . (1998). pergamon , 381-385. Timothy E. Lipman, M. A. (2003). Hybrid-Electric Vehicle Design Retail and Lifecycle Cost Analysis. Berkeley, California 94720: Energy and Resources Group. wikipedia. (2008). hybrid engines and petrol ngines. Retrieved 10 29, 2008, from www. wikipedia. com. Kibert, C. J. (2008). Sustainable Construction . New Jersey: John Willey and Sons. How to cite Comparitive Life Cycle Costing for of a Gasoline and a Hybrid Car, Essays

Model Developing Communication Skills Among -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Model Developing Communication Skills Among? Answer: Introducation Effective business communication is necessary for establishing the successful customer and workers interactions. It is important for both the listener and the speaker to share the responsibility of making the clarification of the message that is to be conveyed. According to Bergener et al., (2012), effective communication process is not only about interaction, it depends on the choice of words, body language, voice tone, and clarification of the messages. When I am working with my co-workers, I need to make the rectification on developing the effective communicational efficiency. It has been observed that people from different geographical background present the different communicational attribute that create the diverse impact on the situation. In this study, I have used five diagnostic tools to evaluate my communication skills that I need to use at my workplace. The scores obtained from these diagnostic tests would help me in understanding my area of improvement in order to develop efficient communicational attributes. First, I have used self-perceived communication competence tool, which helped me in understanding the underlying barriers that I might face in communicating with my co-workers at the workplace. Second tool is self-perceived communication competence, which perceives the different situation that I might experience while working with other people. The diagnostic tool of intercultural communication apprehension presents the report of the competency skills that I need to maintain while communicating with the people diverse in cultural background and personal traits (Robles, 2012). I have observed that while communicating with the people from different cultural background, I might have to deal with the innumerable language barriers as well as the cultural barriers as well. While dealing with the people from different cultural and linguistic values, I shall improve the competency skills to communicate in the cross-cultural situations. I can even utilize the non-verbal communication process to communicate with the people from different cultural background. The non-verbal communication deals with the various body languages, written communication, facial expression, and signs (Royle Laing, 2014). I have to be cautious about present these non-verbal gestures as I need to clarify the message. The non-verbal communication is often misi nterpreted that can affect the corporate environment. The self-perceived communication competence scale (SPCC) diagnostic tool provides me the insights about my personality trait that is foreseen while I am working with my coworkers at my workplace. The obtained scores from this diagnostic tool signify that I need to be more competent to deal with the different uncertainties that may occur within the workplace. It is notable that while working with the other employees from various cultures, I might have to face the considerable challenges around. However, it is necessary to respond to the situation accordingly. I need to bring the improvements in my communicational competency in such situation. The maintenance of the flexibility is essential for me to discuss any crucial situation. I can take the active participation in the group discussion. If my business managers want me to take the participation in any group discussion, I take this opportunity to develop my communicational efficiency. On the other hand, it is also noticeable that my public communication is not much commendable. I need to develop the competency in interacting in public and improve my performance during the group discussion process. In fact, the cultural and lingual barriers signify the challenges that I may face at my workplace that would create the obstacle in establishing a good rapport with the new colleagues. Another diagnostic tool, Personal Report of Public Speaking Anxiety determines the nervousness of a communicator during the delivery of the speech in a conference or in front of others (Novik Podgrecki, 2015). It is noticeable that in a conference meeting, people perceive different psychological values. When I become a speaker, I always concentrate on delivering the speech in an effective way. While conducting this test, I have observed that I possess an effective and active listening skill that helps in providing the remarkable speech. In the personal report of public speaking anxiety, I scored average as I need some improvements in delivering speech. I need to work on minimizing my nervousness while communicating in public. The report obtained from non-verbal immediacy scale highlights that I face the several recognizable challenges in maintaining the non-verbal communication with the other workers at my workplace. Non-verbal communication needs to be skilled enough while maintaining the interactive sessions with others. People from different cultural background face the negative consequences as well (Mascle, 2013). Hence, when I deal with the people from different geographical, cultural, and lingual background, it becomes quite difficult for me to cope with situation. My body language, gestures, facial expression, and signs to develop an appropriate non-verbal communication skill. The diagnostic tool used in talk-aholic scale, I have observed that the assertive perception efficiency level in quite higher in me that helps me in staying positive towards different situation. I need to calm myself down in occurrence of any uncertainties and I have that ability since I have full control on my speech. I have the capability of deciding when to use my words or when I need to keep myself quiet. Hence, I have scored commendable level in this aspect. As a speaker or the communicator, it is essential for me to present the equal competency level while responding to others. The evaluation report of the self-perceived competence skills reflects that I have scored 45 in acquaintance, 62 in Dyad, 56 in stranger, 50 in meeting, and 95 in friend. The report provides me the idea that I should not face any challenges while communicating with the friends. The communication with the strangers is considerably low, which specifies that I am not much flexible in maintaining the effective communication with strangers. However, my communication in a group discussion is quite remarkable even though I scored average in the meeting. It is thus necessary for me to concentrate on developing the communication while I am communicating with the people from different background. The result received from the intercultural communication apprehension sheet provides the insights that I scored only 46, which is too average. It depicts that I maintain an average competency level while communicating with the people from different cultural background. In a cross-cultural environment, I experience the difficulties with the strangers. The lingual and cultural barriers are quite difficult for me to cope with and due to such difficulties, I am forced used my non-verbal communication skills. I need struggle while presenting my point of view as they are unable to understand my language. The non-verbal skills are thus used for sending or receiving the message. However, it is necessary for me to get accustomed with such uncertainties since I am working within a workplace that is full of people from different cultural background. The challenges are quite expected in such cases. The tension and nervousness is quite recognizable while I communicate with the people from diverse culture. I need to improve my competency level in such regards to make the considerable progress in my career. The result shows that I have scored 95 in Personal report of Public Speaking Anxiety, which is quite moderate. It clearly depicts that I need improvisation in making myself competent enough in communicate much efficiently in different situation. I am working in a multinational organization in which people from different background work together and perform the organisational functionalities. Therefore, it is quite obvious that I need to communicate with them with more efficiency by diminishing my nervousness and anxiety. The non verbal skill report, on the other hand, highlights my score of 85, which determines the higher efficiency level in this aspect. While communicating with the people from diverse cultural background, I use the remarkable non-verbal communication skills. I scored 25 in talkaholic scale, which indicates that I am quite efficient as a communicator or performer. However, I have obtained the idea that I need to get hold of my speech in accordance with the situation. It is essential to derive the idea about the reaction and the method of keeping it in control. The intercultural communication skills are not quite commendable in my case. The effective intercultural communication helps people in generating the ability of interacting people with diverse culture and lingual background. If the organization maintain the cultural diversity, it would become easier for me to develop considerable intercultural communication ability. The appropriate language use and communication process helps in developing the good performance within a workplace. The nervousness and consciousness create the barriers in conveying my messages that is quite considerable weakness. The ideas derived from the tests through these diagnostic tools, I can come to conclusion that I need to make myself more efficient in dealing with the people from diverse cultural and lingual background. While working together within the workplace, it s necessary to develop effective communication to convey the important message. I have the good listening skills that makes me understanding the ir perceive values. However, making the clear and frequent approach in communicating with others would be required to improve my professional and personal skills. Conceptual Analysis of Inter-cultural Communication The development of the intercultural communication is essential in every aspect. Especially, while working in a multinational corporation, people deal with many workers who belong to the diverse cultural, geographical, and lingual background. An efficient employee knows the method of establishing the effective communicational transparency with others that would help in developing the productive work culture. According to Keyton et al., (2013), it is essential for the employees to exchange the necessary views and thoughts while working together in a workplace. The ineffective communication of an employee can affect the work functionalities in a recognizable way (Quintanilla Wahl, 2015). The effective intercultural communication helps people in generating the ability of interacting people with diverse culture and lingual background. If the organization maintain the cultural diversity, it would become easier to develop considerable intercultural communication ability (Hildebrand, 2017) . The appropriate language use and communication process helps in developing the good performance within a workplace. A multinational corporation consists of people from different cultural background that have the clear impact on delivering the effective performance. In such regards, it is essential to maintain the effective cross cultural communication to prevent the cultural and lingual barriers. Fleisher and Bensoussan (2015) implied that the interaction with the diverse cultural background may affect the decision-making process within a workplace. People from different cultural background perceive differently. Their psychological values are also quite different to each other, which creates the challenges in developing the effective decision making suitable for the business. it is quite difficult to decide upon one particular point of view since people perceive things in a different manner. For example, some people agree upon setting any particular priority, which is rejected by others. Cardon and Marshall (2015) exclaimed that the good performance of an organization depends on the efficient and remarkable communication skills that creates the transparency in conveying messages. In such cases, when the difficulties emerge in establishing the verbal communication, the non-verbal communication can be utilized. Non-verbal communication can be developed if there is the proper ma intenance of the transparency level (Eggenberger, Heimerl Bennett, 2013). Presenting the concerns through facial expression, written communications, and helpful signs can develop an efficient non-verbal communication. On the contrary, Deepa and Seth (2013) argued that the intercultural communication is beneficial for the business organizations. It has been observed that during the intercultural communication process, people present the different views and perceive values. These different views create the innovative performance efficiency, which can turn out to be much beneficial and profitable for the organization. In fact, this cultural diversity would contribute to the accomplishment of the business goals in a significant manner (Daim et al., 2012). In addition to this, the intercultural communication develops the personal attributes of the associated people that drive the organization towards success. Necessity of Self-Perceived Communication The self-perceived communication determines the reaction of the individual under the diverse nature of the organisational situations. It is noticeable that the organizations usually experience diverse situations and the employees need to face every uncertainty. The occurrence of the crisis situation sometimes affects the mental state of the mental state of the employees (De Grez, Valcke Roozen, 2012). Employees often go through the pressurized situation for maintaining the appropriate balance in performing the organisational functionalities. They even need to attend the group discussion, meetings and communication programs with friends, strangers, and many other people. The effective communicational transparency helps an individual to maintain the diverse work culture within a workplace. It is sometimes noticed that if the individual feels uncomfortable in communicating with the people belong to different cultural background; it may lead to negative circumstances. However, the study sheds lights on the self-perceived communication, which imply that it is necessary to develop the effective communicational transparency even in the situation of the emergency (Brink Costigan, 2015). Especially, in a multinational corporation, the communicational transparency helps in delivering the productive solution for accomplishing the business goals. During a group discussion, the intercultural communication process becomes easier. In a group discussion, a individual needs to communicate with a number of strangers. This communication is quite effective in understanding different perceptive values, point of views, and the cultural attributes. The focus should be provided on the flow of communication, which would benefit the situation at that very moment. Baruah (2012) suggested that while dealing with the corporate environment, an individual must be prepared for every situation. The effective intercultural communication helps people in generating the ability of interacting people with diverse culture and lingual background. If the organization maintain the cultural diversity, it would become easier to develop considerable intercultural communication ability. The appropriate language use and communication process helps in developing the good performance within a workplace. They need to attend meetings, take active participation in a group discussion, and contribute to the training session. In such sequences, they need to be more skilled to convey their messages and receive the messages from the other end. While working under a multinational corporation, people meet others who belong to different cultural, geographical, and lingual background. It is necessary for an individual to develop an efficient communication skill, be it verbal or non-verbal, to determine the productive approach in the business dealings. Getting accustomed with diverse situation strengthens the competency level of an individual in both professional and personal life . Effectiveness of effective communication in an organization According to De Grez, Valcke annd Roozen (2012), it is important for both the listener and the speaker to share the responsibility of making the clarification of the message that is to be conveyed. The maintenance of the proper communication transparency creates the significant atmosphere within a workplace and as a result, it determines the productive benefits. It has been observed that people from different geographical background present the different communicational attribute that create the diverse impact on the situation. Effective business communication is necessary for establishing the successful customer and workers interactions. It is important for both the listener and the speaker to share the responsibility of making the clarification of the message that is to be conveyed (Cardon Marshall, 2015). It is necessary for me to get accustomed with such uncertainties since people are working within a workplace that is full of people from different cultural background. The chall enges are quite expected in such cases. If any organization maintains the effective communicational transparency, it would reflect on the collective decision-making process. When the employees need to deal with the people from diverse cultural background, it would generate the ideas about the different corporate cultures. These diverse perceive values can be utilized to bring more innovations in the business functionalities. Moreover, this intercultural communication helps in making progress in the personal and professional attributes of the individuals. Taking the active participation in a group discussion creates the opportunity to know people from different cultures and judge their perceive values. The effective intercultural communication helps people in generating the ability of interacting people with diverse culture and lingual background. If the organization maintain the cultural diversity, it would become easier for me to develop considerable intercultural communication ability. The appropriate language use and communication process helps in developing the good performance within a workplace. Effective business communication is necessary for est ablishing the successful customer and workers interactions (Mascle, 2013). It is important for both the listener and the speaker to share the responsibility of making the clarification of the message that is to be conveyed. It is necessary for me to get accustomed with such uncertainties since people are working within a workplace that is full of people from different cultural background. Communication Model The communication process depends on the systematic and sequential steps. The communication model introduced by Laswelle also consists of five stages, such as who says what, the channels, to whom, and with what effects. It is essential for an individual to utilize the appropriate channel to communicate with the people. Delivering the messages in a proper way is important as the receiver needs to decode the messages. The communication becomes successful when the receiver can present the concern against the message received from the other end. The model depicts that the receiver would present the positive feedbacks if the sender succeeds in sending the appropriate message. Due to the cultural and lingual barriers, often the individuals fail to transmit the message in an effective way. A multinational corporation consists of people from different cultural background that have the clear impact on delivering the effective performance (Jam, 2017). In such regards, it is essential to maintain the effective cross cultural communication to prevent the cultural and lingual barriers. The model also describes that the receiver requires encoding the messages in an effective way, which would depend on a particular channel of communication. The business manages even experience the crucial scenario when they attend meeting with people who belong to different culture and lingual background (Wilton, 2012). In many cases, it has been observed that the business managers use the translator as the medium of communication with the diverse peop le. The helpful training session and use of the multilingual flexibility would be effective enough in overcoming such situation. Gap in the Literature The literature study provides the insightful ideas about the necessity of developing effective business communication. In spite of providing the extensive information regarding the individual attitude towards communicating with the people from diverse culture, the study fails to recognize the specific issues faced by the organizations. Moreover, the literature does not even provide the idea about the appropriate channels that can be utilized to make the improvisations in the communicational aspects. In addition to this, it has been noticed that the study lacks the in-depth analysis of overcoming these language barriers. Hence, it can be stated that in spite of developing the elaborated discussion, the literature study is quite limited. Action Plan The action plan determines the establishment of the systematic steps to mitigate the issues identified in the competency level of developing an effective business communication. The following table would provide the idea about the areas of improvements and completing the activities within the stipulated time. Activities Start Date End Date Duration 1. Presenting the proposal to human resource management for training and mitigating the communication gap 01/09/2018 06/0918 6 2. Identification of the training needs and objectives 07/09/2018 08/09/2018 2 3. Selecting the people who need such training 09/09/2018 10/09/2018 10 4. Development of the communication tool to communicate with the trainer 11/09/2018 15/09/2018 4 5. Collection of the information by obtaining the feedback from the trainer 16/09/2018 23/11/2018 8 6. Analysis of the Data 24/09/2018 30/09/2018 7 7. Evaluating the information received from the training program 03/10/2018 10/11/2018 7 Table 1: Action Plan (Source: Created by the Author) The action plan suggests that the organization needs to focus on developing a training program at the initial stage. Firstly, the human resource management needs to receive the concern conveyed by the individual regarding the training needs. Accordingly, the objectives and aims of the training would be developed. It is essential to recognize the individual who needs such training session due to the difficulties faced during the intercultural communication process. The human resource management is responsible to utilize the necessary tools and resources essential for this training and development program. In current situation, the technological advancements have been contributing towards developing the effective workplace communication. The use of the technological devices would also be helpful in this training program. The information collected from this training session would be analyzed in an appropriate way to recognize the gaps and limitations. Finally, understanding and gatherin g the feedback would measure the progress of this training session. The effective feedback would help me in generating more courage to perform in a better way by developing effective communicational transparency within the workplace. References Baruah, T. D. (2012). Effectiveness of Social Media as a tool of communication and its potential for technology enabled connections: A micro-level study.International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications,2(5), 1-10. Bergener, K., vom Brocke, J., Hofmann, S., Stein, A., vom Brocke, C. (2012). On the importance of agile communication skills in BPM education: Design principles for international seminars.Knowledge Management E-Learning,4(4), 415. Brink, K. E., Costigan, R. D. (2015). Oral communication skills: Are the priorities of the workplace and AACSB-accredited business programs aligned?.Academy of Management Learning Education,14(2), 205-221. Cardon, P.W. Marshall, B., (2015). The hype and reality of social media use for work collaboration and team communication.International Journal of Business Communication,52(3), pp.273-293. Daim, T. U., Ha, A., Reutiman, S., Hughes, B., Pathak, U., Bynum, W., Bhatla, A. (2012). Exploring the communication breakdown in global virtual teams.International Journal of Project Management,30(2), 199-212. De Grez, L., Valcke, M., Roozen, I. (2012). How effective are self-and peer assessment of oral presentation skills compared with teachers assessments?.Active Learning in Higher Education,13(2), 129-142. Deepa, S., Seth, M. (2013). Do Soft Skills Matter?-Implications for Educators Based on Recruiters' Perspective.IUP Journal of Soft Skills,7(1), 7. Eggenberger, E., Heimerl, K., Bennett, M. I. (2013). Communication skills training in dementia care: a systematic review of effectiveness, training content, and didactic methods in different care settings.International Psychogeriatrics,25(3), 345-358. Fleisher, C.S. Bensoussan, B.E., (2015).Business and competitive analysis: effective application of new and classic methods. FT Press. Hildebrand, S., (2017). The effective use of communication tools during a long-term campus emergency.Natural Hazards,88(1), pp.21-38. Jam, M. V. P. (2017). Knowing what is said on enterprise Social Media: Towards the development of an Analytical Communication Framework.Revista Internacional de Relaciones Pblicas,7(13), 5-22. Keyton, J., Caputo, J. M., Ford, E. A., Fu, R., Leibowitz, S. A., Liu, T., ... Wu, C. (2013). Investigating verbal workplace communication behaviors.The Journal of Business Communication (1973),50(2), 152-169. Mascle, D. D. (2013). Writing self-efficacy and written communication skills.Business Communication Quarterly,76(2), 216-225. Novik, N. N., Podgrecki, J. (2015). A Model of Developing Communication Skills among Adolescents with Behavioral Problems.International Journal of Environmental and Science Education,10(4), 579-587. Quintanilla, K.M. and Wahl, S.T., 2015.Business and professional communication: Keys for workplace excellence. Sage Publications. Robles, M. M. (2012). Executive perceptions of the top 10 soft skills needed in todays workplace.Business Communication Quarterly,75(4), 453-465. Royle, J., Laing, A. (2014). The digital marketing skills gap: Developing a Digital Marketer Model for the communication industries.International Journal of Information Management,34(2), 65-73. Wilton, N. (2012). The impact of work placements on skills development and career outcomes for business and management graduates.Studies in Higher Education,37(5), 603-

Financial Analysis for Fair Value Measurement -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theFinancial Analysis for Fair Value Measurement. Answer: Multinational companies can affect their financial position by applying the hedging strategies that can affect the overall risk position of the company. There are many ways of hedging that can be applied that includes both long term hedging techniques and short-term hedging techniques. Long term techniques include two-way currency swaps, one that occurs at the time of inception of the loan contract and one that happens with the banks when the swaps gets multiplied(Dichev, 2017). It all depends on the prevailing market rates if these swaps would be profitable or not and whether it would increase or decrease the risk element for the multinational companies. In case of hedging the companies are securing themselves against a negative event that might occur, given the overall scenario in which the interest rates might increase or decrease. The main aim of the company should be to make sure that when they are going for any swap option that involves higher currency exchange rates difference they must choose such counter parties in which the overall risk element is low(Abbott Kantor, 2017). The future markets should be analyzed beforehand so that in situations where there are higher risk elements present the company can necessary steps beforehand. The company must always take expert advices when going for such hedging options, this will help them in securing themselves against unforeseen situations in which the overall rates might increase. A lot depends on the economic conditions of the country whether or not the hedging would be beneficial or not for long term success(Alexander, 2016). References Abbott, M., Kantor, A. (2017). Fair Value Measurement and Mandated Accounting Changes: The Case of the Victorian Rail Track Corporation. Australian accounting Review. Alexander, F. (2016). The Changing Face of Accountability. The Journal of Higher Education, 71(4), 411-431. Dichev, I. (2017). On the conceptual foundations of financial reporting. Accounting and Business Research, 47(6), 617-632.

Writing a Sample Columbia Journalism Grad School Personal Essay

Writing a Sample Columbia Journalism Grad School Personal EssayThere are many questions on how to write a sample Columbia Journalism grad school personal essay. Some questions are like what to write, and some are like why do you want to do this.First, you should be prepared to take on any personal essay you get handed in, but you should also be prepared to be guided by the guidance of your instructor. It's also important to note that not every person you meet is going to be helpful or qualified to write a sample Columbia Journalism grad school personal essay.The fact of the matter is that there are so many things that go into writing a personal essay for an individual student. It can be difficult to write a standard four-page essay, and it doesn't always work out this way for everyone. In fact, many of the worst essays you will ever have to write are likely from someone who did not read and follow directions carefully.One of the first things you need to understand is that when you do write a personal essay, you are writing for yourself, not for anyone else. Remember that a Columbia journalism grad school personal essay is written for one particular person. When you write for others, you risk hurting their feelings and in many cases, writing for them will lead to you having to re-write your entire essay.The best advice for writing a personal essay is to write for yourself first. Then you can start thinking about the reader. As with all things you should remember that you are the one writing your personal essay, not anyone else.You should try to think about what kind of personal essay you want to write, and then you should try to think about how you will write it. Don't worry if you cannot think of anything in particular, and don't be afraid to not have a very specific idea in mind.If you follow these tips you should be able to write a personal essay without much trouble. Keep in mind that the most important part of writing a personal essay is you - so whatever y our purpose is, it is your essay.

Legal Process The Pursuit of Victory Versus the Pursuit of Truth free essay sample

Supreme Court Justice Warren Burger once remarked that if he were innocent he would prefer to be tried by a civil law court, but if he were guilty he would prefer to be tried by a common law court. Since â€Å"the facts† are an important (absolutely fundamental) premise in reaching any practical conclusion about parties’ legal responsibilities, the fact-finding – or rather the fact-proving – structure of a legal system has a very significant effect on the outcome. Although academics can discuss problems from an omniscient â€Å"eye of God† perspective, the real world cannot; if a party cannot â€Å"prove† a fact to whatever standard, and by whatever means, the legal system requires then it might as well have never happened. Early legal procedures attempted to overcome this handicap by relying on divine intervention to protect or support the party in the â€Å"right† – methods of proof that we would now find distasteful and unacceptable. We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Process: The Pursuit of Victory Versus the Pursuit of Truth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Every legal system must therefore work with a reconstructed model of reality, the content of which is determined by the rules of procedure and evidence (but which should ideally furnish the most accurate approximation possible of what actually happened? ) The processes for establishing your legal rights, and providing remedies for breaches of them, do in a very practical way determine what your rights actually are in any given case. In the Liberal Democrat model outlined earlier, we now expect that that these processes will be fair and consistent with the ideals of a just system. There are two major systems for establishing fact in world legal systems: †¢ the Anglo-American adversarial (or accusatorial) system, and †¢ the Continental inquisitorial system (also referred to as the civil law) system which applies in most of the non-English speaking countries of Europe. There are, however, no purely adversarial or purely inquisitorial systems in existence;  rather there are hybrids which are to a greater or lesser degree adversarial or civil law in nature. All enlightened evidential systems are probably honest attempts to discover and protect the truth, and we should perhaps think of these alternatives as reflecting a fundamental (but not mutually exclusive) difference in approach which, in a large measure, determines the procedural and evidential processes that apply in the courts and affect the prospec t of ascertaining â€Å"the truth† in proceedings. The rival systems differ fundamentally on a key method of investigation and adjudication: reliance on the accused to furnish testimonial evidence of their guilt. The essential character of these systems was summed up by the New Zealand Law Commission in 1996 in these terms: Adversarial systems require the judge to be an impartial arbitrator of facts presented in evidence by the parties to proceedings, and imply some degree of equality between the parties. These systems are also known as accusatory, so named because a person or representative of the community makes an accusation of criminal offending against a suspect. †¦ Inquisitorial systems are systems of justice in which the judge has an investigative as well as an adjudicative role and proceeds with an inquiry on his or her own initiative (unlike adversarial systems where the parties conduct investigations and present the evidence). The Privilege Against Self-Incrimination, A discussion paper Hence the cryptic description of the difference as The Pursuit of Victory versus The Pursuit of Truth. The United Kingdom and France differed in the path that they took. At this time the court systems of both England and Europe used an adversarial system to determine who could be tried for a crime and whether they were guilty or innocent (though it lacked many, indeed most, of the hallmarks, processes and safeguards of modern adversarial systems; because of the difficulties in deciding cases, procedures such as trial by ordeal or trial by combat were accepted as legitimate ways of finding truth or settling a dispute). Unless a person were caught in the act of committing a crime, they could not be tried for a crime until they had been formally accused, either by the voluntary accusations of a sufficient number of witnesses or by an â€Å"inquest† convened specifically for that purpose(an early form of grand jury). Because it relied on the voluntary accusations of witnesses, and because the penalties for making a false accusation were severe, witnesses were often hesitant to actually make their accusations to the court, for fear of implicating themselves.. In 1198, Pope Innocent III began a reformation of the ecclesiastical courts and established the Inquisition; under this new process, an ecclesiastical magistrate no longer need a formal accusation to summon and try a defendant, but could summon and interrogate witnesses under oath on his own initiative and if their testimony accused someone of a crime, then that person could be summoned and tried. In 1215, the Fourth Lateran Council affirmed the use of the inquisitorial system and forbade clergy from holding or assisting at trials by ordeal and combat. Confession was the essential component of the inquisitorial system employed by the ecclesiastical courts. The inquisitional oath was a sworn promise by the person under inquisition to tell the truth in answer to any question put by the court – a refusal to answer or to give a sworn statement was regarded as a confession of guilt. The purpose behind the oath was to extract a confession and the sworn statement was frequently demanded without informing the defendant of the substance of the complaint, the incriminatory evidence, or the identity of his or her accusers. In England, however, from 1160 onwards, Henry II had established separate secular courts. While the ecclesiastical courts of England, like those on the continent, adopted the inquisitional system, the secular common law courts continued to operate under the adversarial system, and the adversarial principle that a person could not be tried until formally accused continued to apply for most criminal cases. In 1215 this principle became enshrined as article 38 of the Magna Carta. In the United Kingdom the common law courts eventually achieved supremacy over the ecclesiastical courts (which were thereafter limited to matters of succession, marriage and divorce and were eventually replaced by secular courts). The inquisitorial process, however, did not finally disappear from the English system until the abolition of the â€Å"Court of Star Chamber† in 1641 (by the time of Charles I it had become a byword for the misuse and abuse of power by the king and his supporters to suppress opposition to royal policies). The common law took the position that an accused should not have to incriminate him or her self by way of either an oath or information extracted through torture and must, accordingly, have the right to remain silent. (The right to remain silent was established in the United Kingdom in the 17th Century in the Case of John Lilburne, 1638) The â€Å"privilege† (as we now call it) against self-incrimination, or â€Å"the right to silence† has come to be seen as a fundamental right and there are many ancillary related doctrines that flow from this such as the presumption of innocence, the placing of the burden of proof upon the prosecutor and the standard of proof required (beyond reasonable doubt). This is also the justification for the development of the right to cross-examine an accuser. In modern inquisitorial systems, by contrast, the accused can be required to make a statement – it is usually not under oath, and he/she cannot be cross-examined on it, so it allows them to â€Å"explain† their position without any aggressive interrogation by an opposing counsel. Modern inquisitorial systems developed after the French Revolution and spread throughout Europe and many African, Asian and South American countries – they are, in fact, more numerous than the adversarial type system of the US and Commonwealth countries. The parties are contestants; due process and the  rules of evidence (including the right to silence) have been designed to ensure that the contest between the parties is conducted fairly. There is a presumption of innocence and the accuser must prove the accusation beyond reasonable doubt without the compelled assistance of the defendant. The rules of evidence are designed to ensure that only relevant and reliable information is presented to the court, rather than irrelevant information or information the proof value of which is outweighed by its prejudicial effect. The judge (and jury) knows nothing of the litigation until the parties present their case and arguments. The presiding officer plays a passive role (like an umpire in a tennis match and the outcome is determined by the skill of the players). There is an emphasis on equality of the parties because the truth is said to be best discovered by contested assertions on both sides of the question and the contest of evidence. [This is a valid methodology for the discovery of truth in any discourse – in legal proceedings however, the methodology is warped by the fact the parties are not sharing a common pursuit or testing of the truth: see The Adversary Method in Law and Philosophy by Dixon, on Learn]. A frustrated judge in an English court finally asked a barrister after witnesses had produced conflicting accounts, Am I never to hear the truth? No, my lord, merely the evidence, replied counsel. Practical Guide to Evidence Peter Murphy In criminal proceedings, the accuser has the onus of proving the accusation beyond reasonable doubt. If the prosecution fails to meet this burden, whether through ill-preparation or simply a lack of evidence, the State loses its case. The approach is essentially the same for civil trials, except that the burden of proof is lower – the judge has only to be convinced â€Å"on the balance of probabilities†. The adversarial system is also criticized by some because it cannot as satisfactorily resolve complex business, scientific and technical issues as could, say, a panel of experts given the authority to make scientific or technical findings or, say, a Commission of Enquiry into a matter of general public importance. Since the parties have considerable control over the line of inquiry and the issues to be addressed, the conclusion reached by the court cannot be necessarily equated to an objective reality. The point was recently well made in these words by an English judge at the start of his judgment in a recent complex. A lawyer assisting a client with the resolution of a dispute must keep the client advised of alternatives to litigation that are reasonably available (unless the lawyer believes on reasonable grounds that the client already has an understanding of those alternatives) to enable the client to make informed decisions regarding the resolution of the dispute. HIGH COURT RULES 2009 [NEW ZEALAND] 1. 2 Objective The objective of these rules is to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of any proceeding or interlocutory application. DISTRICT COURTS RULES 2009 1. 1 Title These rules are the District Courts Rules 2009 1. 2 Commencement These rules come into force on 1 November 2009. Part 1 Preliminary provisions 1. 3 Objective 1. 3. 1 The objective of these rules is to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of any proceeding or interlocutory application. The objective of these rules includes, so far as is practicable,— (a) ensuring that all parties are treated equally; and (b) saving expense; and (c) dealing with the case in ways that are proportionate to— (i) the importance of the case; and (ii) the complexity of the issues; and (iii) the amount of money involved; and (iv) the financial position of each party; and (d) ensuring that the case is dealt with speedily and fairly; and (e) allotting to it an appropriate share of the court’s resources, while taking into account the need to allot resources to other cases. 1. 4 Courts to give effect to objective The courts must give effect to the objective of these rules when they— (a) do any act under these rules; or (b) interpret these rules. 1. 5 Application of rules 1. 5. 1 These rules apply to— (a) civil proceedings taken in a District Court under the District Courts Act 1947; and (b) unless otherwise provided in these rules or any other enactment, othe r civil proceedings taken in a District Court or before a Judge. 1. 5. These rules do not apply to proceedings to which the Family Courts Rules 2002 apply, namely— (a) proceedings in Family Courts; or (b) proceedings in District Courts acting under— (i) section 151 of the Children, Young Persons, and Their Families Act 1989; or (ii) section 15 of the Family Courts Act 1980. 1. 5. 3 Nothing in this rule prevents the parties in a civil proceeding from applying to the court or a Registrar for an order under rule 1. 7 directing the parties to settle their dispute by mediation or other alternative dispute resolution 1. 6 Application of High Court Rules 1. 6. 1 These rules apply specified High Court Rules (for example, by listing them in the style â€Å"HCR 5. 36— authority to file documents†) and the intention is that each High Court Rule applied by these rules applies with the modifications (if any) indicated in these rules and with the other modifications necessary for District Courts. 1. 6. In general, modifications are necessary because— (a) there are jurisdictional differences between District Courts and the High Court: (b) District Courts have offices and the High Court has registries: (c) a proceeding (other than one in admiralty or defamation, or to enforce an arbitral award) will be started by filing a notice of claim, and subsequently the proceeding will follow the procedure for responses, information capsules, and notices of pursuit of claim unless a court grants leave for the parties to follow the High Court procedure for statements of claim or originating applications: (d) new forms called information capsules are to be exchanged by the parties: (e) judicial settlement conferences and judicial directions conferences are provided for under these rules rather than case management conferences. 1. 6. In applying a High Court Rule that uses a term or expression that is defined in these rules (for example, court), the term or expression has the meaning given by these rules unless these rules otherwise provide or the context otherwise requires. 1. 6. 4 In applying a High Court Rule that refers to another provision of or to a form prescribed by those rules, that other provision or form also applies for the purposes of these rules unless these rules otherwise provide or the context otherwise requires. 1. 6. 5 For example, in High Court Rules applied by rule 3. 44 of these rules (service generally),— (a) a reference to a statement of claim will have to be read as a reference to a notice of claim if the proceeding is or has been pursued under rules. Reference to a statement of defence will have to be read as a reference to a response if the proceeding is or has been pursued under those rules. 1. 7 Mediation or other alternative dispute resolution 1. 7. 1 The parties in a proceeding may apply at any time to the court or a Registrar for an order directing the parties to attempt to settle their dispute by an agreed form of mediation or other alternative dispute resolution specified in the order. 1. 7. 2 The court or Registrar may make the order only by consent of the parties. 1. 7. 3 The fact that the parties are actively pursuing settlement may be taken into account by the court or Registrar in considering an application by 1 or more of the parties for an extension of time under rule 1. 18.

Compare readings - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Compare readings - Smart Custom Writing Lacan?s Mirror StageAccording to Jacques (214), the mirror stage occurs when a baby, starting from six months finds out its own reflection in the mirror. The infant will then revolve towards the grown-up that is grasping it and begs that adult to prove with her or his appearance what it sees in the mirror that is the picture of a mastery not yet attained. The mind or consciousness can be categorized into three major patterns that control our lives and our needs. The three categories include the real, the imaginary and the symbolic order. Many of Lacan’s conditions for the occupied complication of the mind’s mechanism can be associated to the three main ideas that connect generally to the three major moments in the person’s growth as sketched in the Lacan’s module on psychosexual growth. The real order or perception is the state of nature from which we have been ceaselessly detached by our way into verbal communication and it is a period of wholeness which is later lost through the access into language (Jacques 195). This state of nature is a state of needs satisfaction and it involves the neo-natal kids that have no intelligence for any division between them and the outside world. An example related to this kind of state is an animal that is on heat as it refers to a need that is followed by a hunt for satisfaction.   This state goes on to apply its power throughout one’s adult life, as it is the astound against which all an individual’s desires and linguistic formation eventually fall short. The imaginary stage matches to the mirror stage and marks the movement of the issue from original need to command.   It is mainly self-centered even if it locates the period for the fantasies of wish.  Ã‚   For example as the kid starts to identify that its body is disconnected from its mother’s world it starts to experience nervousness that results from a feeling of something lost(Groves 320).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lastly, the symbolic stage involves language and narrative whereby as the kid goes into language, agrees the system and becomes able to handle others. This stage is made possible after acceptance. For example when the child accepts the name of the father he identifies the help of meaning and role of the symbolic stage (Groves 52). Work Cited Jacques, Lacan. The Mirror Stage.   New York: W.W Norton publishers. 2002. pp. 132-347 Groves, Leader. Introducing Lacan. Cambridge, UK: Icon Books Publishers. 200. pp.47-430