Modern Architecture And Its Impact On The Environment

1. Introduction. Throughout the history of human civilization people habituating in different corners of the world have evolved their own style of architecture. The prevailing climatic and geographical conditions had a significant bearing on these styles. Local traditions, cultures and religions eventually got engrained into the way people built their houses. These forms of architecture usually made use of materials available locally causing little or no impact to the environment and blended seamlessly with the surroundings. These techniques were developed over a long span of time through trial and error. Prevailing direction of the wind and the sun were given special consideration in the way houses were built which in turn resulted in reduced cost of lighting, heating, air conditioning and ventilation. In view of the global focus of the world on the impact of the houses that we build have on the environment the concept of vernacular architecture seems ever more relevant. Vernacular architecture is a form of architecture that has evolved according to the needs of the local climatic conditions, cultures and traditions. The term vernacular is derived from the Latin word VERNACULUS meaning domestic, native or indigenous. Many examples of vernacular architecture can be found throughout INDIA right from the sloped roofed houses in Kerala to the houses built on the dhajji dewari style of construction in Kashmir which are capable of resisting seismic forces. VernacularShow MoreRelatedFrank Lloyd Wright s Life, Career, Influences And Impact On The Way We See American Architecture1500 Words   |  6 PagesWright is known and respected throughout the world for his innovative and modern designs. As an architect Wright developed an organic and what became known as a distinctively American style throughout his work. Many believe that Frank Lloyd Wright changed the way we build and and live in the modern world. This essay will examine and evaluate Wrights life, c areer, influences and impact on the way we see American architecture.   Wright was born on the 8th of June 1867 at the time when America was goingRead MoreThe Impact Of Modern Property Development On People1496 Words   |  6 PagesThe Impact Of Modern Property Development On People Chapter 1 Introduction â€Å"Modernity is what gives the present the specific quality that makes it different from the past and points the way toward the future. Modernity is also described as being a break with tradition† (Hilde Heynen, 1999). When it comes to building modern city, tall buildings, high towers, skyscrapers and big construction play a major part. The arise of these kind of modern development resident depends partly on the worldRead More`` Architecture And The Crisis Of Modern Science ``1637 Words   |  7 PagesVals in Switzerland by Peter Zumthor and 2) Nelson Atkins Art Museum in Kansas City by Steven Holl. 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Modern day ‘starchitects’ who - through their practice of deconstructivist architecture - have heavily influenced the overall approach to today’s architecture. But what exactly is deconstructivist architecture? Is it a derivative of postmodernist principles, or something of its own entirety? Through the analysis of particular modern day architects and their works, deconstructivism ascertains its emergence as a separate architectural formRead MoreThe Concept Of Modern Design1483 Words   |  6 PagesThe concept of modern design can be interpreted in many ways, but in all, it strives to create a lasting form that will withstand generations. Throughout time architecture is not only shaped by the aesthetics of stylistic design but also the emotional impact a building can create. 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Details of Media Violence Essay Topics

Details of Media Violence Essay Topics The 5-Minute Rule for Media Violence Essay Topics Even in case the choices did exist the studies have proven parents actually don't have any clue about what their children watch on television. Violent music is readily available not just in stores but in addition on the net. These people think that the kid should have been exposed to more than simply programming so as to exhibit behaviors that they could have seen on television or in the media. Young children are usually easily influenced by media for an assortment of factors. The Do's and Don'ts of Media Violence Essay Topics Many people are getting to be abusive to their relatives and partners. It's almost always a joyful ending. What we don't realize though, is it is the children which are ending up with problems. There's not a single sole reason behind violence in real life. Children are progressively getting more aggressive. They are ought to believe that in reality violence is the way to end conflict and that in doing so they need to be rewarded instead of corrected. In addition, it suggests children are somewhat more likely to exhibit combative behavior whilst becoming desensitized to violence. What Is So Fascinating About Media Violence Essay Topics? There are a lot of people that believe that the media is the initial and direct source of violence. The biggest issue that appears to stand out is concerning the sum of violence being broadcasted on various kinds of media. This dilemma is larger than simply turning off the violence. Although the media does affect society in various ways it's not proven that violence in the media produces violence in the actual world and seems unlikely because of the simple truth that lots of men and women who `enjoy' violent media aren't violent themselves. Although media violence isn't the only component that increases aggression and violence, it's an important aspect. Consequently, generally speaking, violence in the media overwhelmingly does not lead to violence in the actual Earth, however in some instances violence in the media can influence a man to act out premeditated violence. The violence seen in our media has a negative effect on both adults and kids alike. Type of Media Violence Essay Topics You don't need to find super technical with legal argumentative essays, but make sure to do your homework on what the present laws about your favorite topic actually say. As a result of this, you must guarantee there is no atom of waffling in the beginning paragraphs of the job. It's barely neutral, and doesn't appear reflect the present climate of this debate. What's more, this issue will endure a particular contradiction in one of these sections of this research. Even in the event you think one side is correct, you need to look at the other side also. Pay close attention to all things electronic, and you will be certain to find something debatable of what you see. When you're picking your topic, remember that it's much simpler to write about something which you currently have interest ineven in case you don't know a good deal about it. Talk about both sides and provide your opinion. The Battle Over Media Violence Essay Topics and How to Win It Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't tough to discover. Citations and extracts from assorted sources have to be formatted properly. At first you shouldn't relate to a single source only. Studying media can be quite intriguing and fascinating, although th e science of media changes every time whenever the new media source is introduced. Things You Should Know About Media Violence Essay Topics Although not everybody who smokes will develop lung cancer, smoking increases the danger of lung cancer and because of this smokers are more inclined to find lung cancer. Risky behavior by kids and young adults can consist of violence against others, absence of remorse for consequences. Whatever They Told You About Media Violence Essay Topics Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why The cost of an essay depends upon the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. You will turn in your assignment in time and receive the grade you demand. The web is a scary place too, from violent and abusive pornographic media, to videos about how to earn a bomb, to blogs about how to purchase an assault weapon. The author permits the reader to be aware that the sample base was large, using different kinds of experiments and people. Definitions of Media Violence Es say Topics Violent video games have lately surpassed violent music videos and perhaps even violent TV as an issue of concern to parents and policymakers. Children today spend hours in the front of the television playing video games, the majority of which have some type of violent theme.

Social Effects of Community Development Corporation

Question: Discuss about the Social Effects of Community Development Corporation. Answer: Introduction: This paper begins with the meaning of community development, general ideas of community development and investigates the community development system. Additionally, it talks about community development in Belfast, Northern Ireland and connections to the premise of the review, which is the impression of occupants on community development in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Answer: Overall, the best approach to enhance rustic life in Belfast is to distinguish issues and afterward illuminate them by upgrading community strengthening and progression. Community as a unit of activity can play the lead in development of Belfast people group. The essential procedure of arranging community development is to distinguish needs of groups in Belfast, set up commonly pleasing objectives and destinations, and execute arranges by activating open assets and community coalitions for community improvement. In like manner, an assortment of community arranging systems and activities can be made and effectively executed with the contribution of Belfast inhabitants. The meaning of "community" has been examined in an assortment of routes for a long time. Briggs et al (2012) concurred that the three general parts of a community incorporate a common domain, a neighborhood society, and a procedure of area situated aggregate activities. Belfast as a city or community is comprised of inward groups or neighborhoods. A mutual region is a geographic area, for example, an area, city, town, region, district, nation, et cetera. A neighborhood society is an incorporated union in which the day-by-day exercises of individuals and a supplement of social structures encapsulate all parts of a typical life (Israel et al, 2011). A procedure of territory arranged aggregate activities could be comprehended as the nearby inhabitants applying exertion for the benefit of their basic advantages. In this examination, I particularly concentrate on the town/city community levels in Belfast to better comprehend whether this level of community structures a solid feeling of having a place. In this manner restricting its inhabitants together and joining their internal exertion because of outside social and monetary changes, and additionally the requests of community development when all is said in done (Ferguson William, 2015). Implementing Community Development Strategies Correspondence and authority arrangement inside the community are additionally critical perspectives. Since a community is comprehended to be a living spot showing the physical attributes of a setting and a social and recorded setting, community development ought to be considered as far as the significance of region through individual exercises, encounters, shared qualities, and the regular verifiable memory. Thus, the ideas of community and community development received in this review comprise of a common domain, a neighborhood society, and the procedure of community self-sufficiency and strengthening for a broadly useful of community advancement (McTague Jakubowski 2013). The fundamental concentration of community development has been the ordinary idea of taking care of issues and improvement of personal satisfaction in rustic groups. Grogan Tony (2013) considers the significance of social associations in Community development, which are responsible for specific missions inside groups. Susan (2017) recognized the part of various leveled structure in groups as far as identifying issues, setting motivation, and actualizing plans. His perspective of development stresses social channels through which community projects can be completed. The social channels allude to an all around created association with an unmistakable division of work, asset openness, and individuals sharing normal qualities and seeking after similar goals. Social associations are the essential operators partaking in community prepare and activating assets to execute plans for their shared objective. Community development, as indicated by Grogan Tony (2013), is equal to development of associations in Belfast that successfully actualize "topic claims to fame, for example, well-being, safety, agribusiness, industry, amusement, and so forth" over all levels from gatherings and relationship to groups and districts. In a revised book of Rothman, Meredith (2012) distinguished the social arrangement approach as one of the approaches to comprehend community development. He contended that the social arranging methodology is a specialized procedure concerning a specific community issue and accentuated "judicious, purposely arranged, and controlled change" inside groups (Mathie Cunningham, 2010). The judiciousness approach controls the procedure of community development into standard periods of distinguishing issues, assembling assets, and setting motivation to actualize programs for the objective of social improvement. There must be a consistent connection between distinguishing an issue, settling on a choice, and making a move to share and express concerns or community issues for groups in Belfast to experience change. According to Sung (2014), community development gives a decent chance to investigate issues of neediness in Belfast. The accentuation is on the open door for making occupations, in this manner raising the genuine salaries of occupants. Consequently, Belfast as a community is viewed as an accumulation of miniaturized scale units, and these units, their collaborations, and their associations with outside units involve the community financial framework. Since people group in Belfast have progressively occupied with their monetary development, there are no less than two distinct techniques received: community-arranged self-development and exogenous modern enlistment. Exogenous mechanical enrollment alludes to a type of development that energizes outside speculators and firms to find their organizations in the rustic groups where nearby occupants may hope to have the ability to set generous administration systems to advance the community's regular advantage (Lefevre et al, 2015). Conclusion Community development clearly has an assortment of implications to neighborhood occupants and their own states of mind toward the vision of their community future are affected by their dispositions and assessments on issues confronting the nearby community. Keeping in mind the end goal to inspect the theories as far as the connection between nearby occupants' general mentalities toward the present conditions and neighborhood community states of mind toward development choices; and additionally people's socio-demographic qualities strategic relapse is connected. In five strategic relapses, people's real worries concerning community development issues are utilized as the reliant variable. Autonomous factors are utilized to inspect the reliant models through five research speculations. Occupant states of mind towards community development inclinations frame the center topic in this exploration. In this way, the essentialness of research is to look at perceptible changes that shape towards neighborhood community conditions in light of developments their own particular desires and states of mind toward future choices of community development initiatives. References Briggs, X. de Souza; Elizabeth M. and Mercer S. (2012) From Neighborhood to Community: Evidence on the Social Effects of Community Development Corporation, Community Development Research Center Ferguson F., and William T. Dickens, eds. (2015) Urban Problems and Community Development, Brookings Institution Press Grogan, Paul and Tony Proscio (2013) Comeback Cities: A Blueprint for Urban Neighborhood, Revival, West view Press Israel, B. A., Schulz, A. J., Parker, E. A., Becker, A. B. (2011) Review of community-based research: Assessing partnership approaches to improve public health, Annual Review of Public Health, 19, 173-202 Israel, B.A., Schulz, A. J., Parker, E. A., Becker, A. B., Allen, A., Guzman, J. R. (2008), Critical issues in developing and following CBPR Principles, In M. Minkler N. Wallerstein (Eds.), Community-based participatory research for health: From process to outcomes, pp. 47-66), San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Lefevre, Pierre; Kolsteren, Patrick; De Wael, Marie-Paule; Byekwaso, Francis; Beghin, Ivan (2015) Comprehensive Participatory Planning and Evaluation, Antwerp, Belgium: IFAD, Retrieved 2017-03-28 Mathie, Alison Cunningham, Gord (2010) From clients to citizens: Asset-based Community Development as a strategy for community-driven development, Development in practice (5): 474486 McTague, C. Jakubowski, S. (2013) Marching to the beat of a silent drum: Wasted consensus- building and failed neighborhood participatory planning, Applied Geography 44, 182 191 Meredith M. (16 Jul 2012) Community Organization and Community Development for Health and Welfare, Rutgers University Press Rothman J., (1995) Approaches to Community Intervention p 26-63 in Jack Rothman and Johan Tropman (eds) Strategies of Community Intervention: Macro Practice, 5th Ed. Peacock, Illinois. Sung, Hyung (2014) Sustainable development, General Assembly of the United Nations, New York Susan Kenny (2017) Developing Communities for the Future (5th Ed.) by Cengage Learning, South Melbourne.

The Almost Moon Review Essay Example

The Almost Moon Review Paper Essay on The Almost Moon The woman who wrote about a little dead girl, came new. Apparently Little Dead Girl (novel The Lovely Bones) and remains the apex of her work. This book is built on the same pattern as the previous two. In the first line there is uzhos, and further to 300 pages, with step by step digressions into the past of heroes, this uzhos resolve. Written with the same weird humility and tranquility writes about pain, death and tragic childhood experiences. Perhaps she believes that God is love and He is everywhere. Uzhos lying on the first page, is that the main character for no reason at all kills his elderly mother. Then during the day she was hiding from the police and recalls the details of his life how lifelong hated her mother; that the mother was mentally ill, and left the house only covered with a blanket (agoraphobia), that his father committed suicide, divorce her husband and various other troubles. However, in fairness it must be said that no one had beaten and raped. We will write a custom essay sample on The Almost Moon Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Almost Moon Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Almost Moon Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In general, exaggerated to much much more, my parents never did not like me. A secret it is not treated As for the main character, you do not need to put two and two together, to guess that with the inheritance case it is bad and with the head of everything is not in order, that actually. She explains her act. No remorse she feels, on the contrary, tells everyone how she loved her mother. Toward the end she really going to shoot, but quickly leaves this idea, imbued with a dream about how to come out of prison and will give pensioners watercolor lessons. How cute. . Curtain What Dostoevsky whats Camus P **** n the book lies in the thought: Does it make any difference to the police that my mother was so old? Is there something special about this one breaks in sentencing? She did so and almost died ..

Biology and Anatomy Games and Quizzes

Biology and Anatomy Games and Quizzes Biology Games and Quizzes Biology games and quizzes can be an effective way to learn about the fun-filled world of biology. Ive put together a listing of several quizzes and puzzles that are designed to help you further your knowledge of biology in key areas. If youve ever wanted to test your knowledge of biology concepts, take the quizzes below and find out how much you really know. Anatomy Quizzes Heart Anatomy QuizThe heart is an extraordinary organ that supplies blood and oxygen to all parts of the body. This heart anatomy quiz is designed to test your knowledge of human heart anatomy.Human Brain QuizThe brain is one of the largest and most important organs of the human body. It is the control center of the body. Organ Systems QuizDo you know which organ system contains the largest organ in the body? Test your knowledge of human organ systems. Animal Games Animal Groups Name GameDo you know what a group of frogs is called? Play the Animal Groups Name Game and learn the names of various animal groups.   Cells and Genes Quizzes Cell Anatomy QuizThis cell anatomy quiz is designed to test your knowledge of eukaryotic cell anatomy.Cellular Respiration QuizThe most efficient way for cells to harvest energy stored in food is through cellular respiration. Glucose, derived from food, is broken down during cellular respiration to provide energy in the form of ATP and heat.Genetics QuizDo you know the difference between genotype and phenotype? Test your knowledge of Mendelian genetics.Meiosis QuizMeiosis is a two-part cell division process in organisms that sexually reproduce. Take the Meiosis Quiz!Mitosis QuizTake the Mitosis Quiz and find out how much you know about mitosis. Plant Quizzes Parts of a Flowering Plant QuizFlowering plants, also called angiosperms, are the most numerous of all the divisions in the Plant Kingdom. The parts of a flowering plant are characterized by two basic systems: a root system and a shoot system.Plant Cell QuizDo you know which vessels allow water to flow to different parts of a plant? This quiz is designed to test your knowledge of plant cells and tissues.Photosynthesis QuizIn photosynthesis, the suns energy is captured in order to make food. Plants use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce oxygen, water, and food in the form of sugar. Other Biology Games and Quizzes Biology Prefixes and Suffixes QuizDo you know the meaning of the word hematopoiesis? Take the Biology Prefixes and Suffixes Quiz and discover the meanings of difficult biology termsVirus QuizA virus particle, also known as a virion, is essentially a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein shell or coat. Do you know what viruses that infect bacteria are called? Test your knowledge of viruses.Virtual Frog Dissection QuizThis quiz is designed to help you identify internal and external structures in male and female frogs.

ACT Scores Matter for College Admissions

When Don't SAT/ACT Scores Matter for College Admissions SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Have you started researching how to apply to college?You may know that most college-bound students take the SAT and ACT. But just how important are they, and when can you get away without taking them? Let's look at when SAT and ACT scores are important for college admissions, and when they're not. When SAT/ACT Scores Matter Generally speaking, four year colleges place a lot of importance on your SAT and ACT scores. Your grades and high school classes may have different curriculum and levels of difficulty among schools. Because of this, it's hard for admissions officers to compare candidates' academic readiness on high school classes alone. The SAT and ACT represent an attempt to measure students' skills, knowledge, and potential on the same playing field. If you're applying as a strong academic archetype - for example, you have high grades and strong extracurricular involvement - you want your test scores to reinforce your academic achievement. If this describes you as a student, then your SAT or ACT scores matter a great deal.(Below, we'll discuss how scores factor into the equation for students applying as athletes or to pursue a special talent, like dancing or the arts.) Especially selective schools also want to see SAT Subject Tests, as a standard measure of your mastery of a particular subject in school, like biology, math, or Spanish. Click here to see the complete list of SAT Subject Tests and learn about what they cover. How to Find Your College Requirements Colleges state their standardized testing requirements on their admissions websites. In addition to which tests they require, you want to know what scores you need to achieve. This article tells you step by step how to set target scores that will put you in the best position for admission to your chosen schools. If your high school uses Naviance, you can also see data from students that attended your own school. Naviance shows you what scores they had and if they were accepted or rejected from your schools of interest. With clear goals and effective test prep, you canachieve your target scores and apply to schools where you have a strong chance of admission. For the many of you to whom SAT or ACT scores are very important, you can start preparing by answering any and all of your questions about the tests. When are the best dates to take the SAT or ACT?How can you aim for and achieve a perfect score? And how is the SAT scored anyway?The ACT? By thoroughly understanding the tests inside and out and doing some serious prep to get yourself ready, you can achieve scores that reinforce your high school record and prove your academic excellence to admissions committees. Now let's look at some exceptions - schools with test-optional and test-flexible policies. When Scores Don't Matter (or Matter As Much) - Test Optional and Flexible Schools Recently, more and more schools are de-emphasizing, or even doing away completely, with standardized test scores in their admissions decisions. Some schools have a test optional policy, which suggests that it's up to you whether your scores reflect your academic ability and you want to send them. Some schools merely suggest you can opt out, while others emphasize that scores truly are optional and will not affect your chances of admission one way or the other. This is frustratingly vague, right? I'd suggest researching the school's website or calling its admissions office and asking them to clear it up. Unless the school really stresses that scores are truly optional, it's probably a good idea to still take the test and send them. Considering how competitive admissions are, strong test scores could be one more way to gain an edge and stand out. Here we've compiled the comprehensive list of all the test optional and test flexible schools, along with their specific expectations. Check it out to see if any of your schools of interest don't require the SAT or ACT for admission. If you feel you are unable to achieve strong scores and the tests would drag down your application, then it might be a good idea to hold off on sending those in. Again, you should always check with the school to clear up what their stance toward SAT and ACT scores really is. One notable exception is Hampshire College in Massachusetts. They will simply reject any test scores that are sent their way. Their policy states, "Unlike 'test-optional' institutions, we will not consider SAT/ACT scores regardless of the score. Even if it's a perfect score, it will not weigh into our assessment of an applicant." Some test optional schools are Bates, Bowdoin, Smith, University of Texas at Austin, and Wesleyan, among numerous others. Another approach that schools have adopted is to be test flexible. This means you can send the SAT or ACT, but there are other options as well. Usually these other options are sending three SAT Subject Tests or three AP exams, if you feel they better reflect your work as a student. NYU, for example, says, "To be eligible for admission, applicants are expected to submit results fromone of the following testing options: The SAT Reasoning Test; or The ACT with Writing Test; or Three SAT Subject Test scores; or Three AP exam scores." We've looked at the policies of four-year colleges, but what about your unique profile as a candidate? First, what are your SAT or ACT requirements as a recruited athlete? Applying as an Athlete If you're being recruited as an athlete, you are most likely going through NCAA Clearinghouse. You will still have to take the SAT or ACT, if your college requires it, but your scores don't have to be as high as non-recruited students. Your SAT and ACT scores are compared on a sliding scale with your grade point average (GPA). So if your GPA is on the higher side, you can get by with lower test scores. If it's low, then you have to score higher on the SAT or ACT to make up for it. Click here to read about all the NCAA requirements, what SAT scores you need, and how to achieve them.This article is for you if you're a student athlete planning on taking the ACT. Your score requirements may also be less stringent if you're applying with a special talent. Applying With a Special Talent Have you published novels as a teenager? Or won national competitions in spelling or math? Did your 9th grade science experiment help scientists make a breakthrough discovery, or have you played violin in a symphony since the age of 14? If you're regarded as one of the top achievers in the country or world in a well-regarded talent, like music, academic competitions, chess, theater, or dance, then your SAT or ACT score might not matter that much. It might be especially inconsequential if it doesn't align with your strength. For instance, a college might not care how well a published teen author scores in math. Many of these students receive some media attention for their exceptional talent and will likely be in close contact with colleges to discuss exactly what scores they need for admission. If the college finds you a desirable candidate, then it will probably waive the usual SAT/ACT score expectation and accept you with a lower minimum score. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! Applying to Art Schools If you're looking to pursue studio art, photography, dancing, acting, music, or another field in the arts, then you may not have to take the SAT or ACT. Usually these schools are more concerned with your portfolio or audition. Juilliard, one of the world's leading music schools and most prestigious arts programs, does not require the SAT or ACT. Some other art schools with no SAT or ACT requirement include, Academy of Art College in San Francisco American Academy of Art in Chicago California College of the Arts International Fine Arts College in Miami Illinois Institute of Art New England Institute of Art and Communication New Hampshire Institute of Art Two other types of schools that don't usually require the SAT or ACT for admission are community colleges and trade schools. Community Colleges As far as I know, no community colleges require SAT or ACT scores. They usually have open enrollment and have students take a placement test in math and English to determine their level in these classes. SAT or ACT scores could exempt you from these tests and determine your placement. Community colleges offer two-year Associate's degrees in a huge number of programs. Some students go into community college with a "2 + 2" plan, meaning they'll complete two years at community college and then transfer to a four year school. After an additional two years, they'll receive their Bachelor's degree from that four-year institution. There are several reasons why students might choose this plan. Two major ones are saving money or improving their academic record. Community colleges tend to be much less expensive than four year schools, so spending a couple years at one could be a huge tuition-saver. For students who are not satisfied with their high school grades, they could achieve higher grades in community college and then have more options for four year schools. Community colleges also often have partnerships with state schools that make it easy to make this switch. If you've already been at a community college for two years, you usually do not have to take the SAT or ACT or send your scores in order to transfer. The other type of schools that don't require SAT/ACT scores are technical and trade schools. Technical and Trade Schools Students who are primarily looking for professional training may be interested in technical or trade schools. Many of these schools don't require the SAT or ACT, or, if they do, they may only require it for certain sections. ITT Tech, for example, gives students the option of either passing an admissions test or taking the SAT or ACT. As with all college applications, research your school to find out its specific admission requirements. If you attend a vocational high school, or have one in your district, the teachers and counselors there might also be a great source of information for post-secondary options in technical and trade schools. To Sum Up... As you can tell, there are lots of different post-secondary options! Make sure to research your options well in advance of senior year so you can make a plan and fulfill all of your requirements in time for your deadlines. If you experience a lot of test-taking anxiety or cannot take the SAT or ACT for other reasons, there are selective four year schools, community colleges, and trade schools that do not require or do not heavily emphasize standardized testing scores. If you have financial concerns about the tests, check out our article on SAT fee waivers and ACT fee waivers to see if you might be eligible to waive the cost. If you are, you can also get free score reports sent to colleges. The SAT and ACT can be a personal milestone on the path to college for students, but these tests are not for everybody. Explore your options so you can make the best post-secondary plans for you! What's Next? Feeling worried about the SAT? Read these strategies for managing anxiety and how to use mindfulness to clear your head, focus your energy, and perform your best on the SAT. The new SAT is fast approaching! With that in mind, should you take the new SAT in 2016 or the current SAT? Figure out the answer to this important question here. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The Ethical Aspects of the Nurses Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

The Ethical Aspects of the Nurses - Case Study Example Most of the time, I enjoyed my work as a nurse, loved my job, and did not encounter any difficulties. One day, I noticed an ethical dilemma brewing. A patient had been admitted on my floor that was dying of full-blown AIDS. He was housed in one of the two isolation rooms on the floor. I noticed that none of the nurses were going in the room on a regular basis to perform the normal nursing duties they should have been doing as they were doing with the other patients on the floor. That alone would have posed enough of an ethical dilemma, but what I noticed next placed the situation in a territory nowhere near where it should have been. The other nurses were sending Certified Nursing Aids and untrained student nurses into the room with the AIDS patient. This was clearly because they did not want to risk catching the disease themselves. I can say this with confidence because they were having these CNAs and student nurses do things to the patient that they simply were not qualified to do. Examples of what these workers were being sent into the room to do were to draw blood work, give shots, and work with other hazardous bodily fluids and materials. It was clear to me that not only was this ethical dilemma forming right in front of my eyes, but it was also very likely illegal. I was at a loss regarding what I should do at the time. It felt like I would be betraying my fellow nurses by turning them in. However, I knew it was wrong to send unqualified workers into the room with the patient to perform tasks that they were not trained to do. The primary ethical reasoning used in this case was deontological ethics. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2009, pg. 1), â€Å"The word deontology derives from the Greek words for duty (done) and science (or study) of (logos). In contemporary moral philosophy, deontology is one of those kinds of normative theories regarding which choices are morally required, forbidden, or permitted.

Answer to questions about Public Company Accounting Oversight Board Research Paper - 1

Answer to questions about Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) - Research Paper Example ic limited organizations (primarily Enron and WorldCom and the collapse of Arthur Anderson), the Congress felt that there was a need for strict auditory regulations and monitoring. Therefore, to restore the investor confidence in public firms’ auditing and financial reporting, the PCAOB was established (Goelzer). I believe one of the key factors of the AICPA was that of self-regulation by those in the accounting profession. This is one of the reasons behind the substantial loss in standardization and therefore to create a level playing field for all public companies it was important to create a separate entity that solely looked into auditing control measures and ensured that the precedent set by Enron and WorldCom and many others was not repeated (Goelzer). Public organizations ought to maximize the interest of the public and therefore it became that a separate legal entity was established for their auditory regulation, as opposed to the AICPA which oversaw the accounting and auditing practices of non-profit organizations (American Institute of Certified Public Accountants). The PCAOB was created because the roles and responsibilities of auditors in public companies were broadening. Audit firms were increasingly providing consultancy services and the work of the auditors was directly tied to the cost incurred by them. Therefore, the pressure to carry out auditing cost effectively increased on auditors which resulted in them not investigating matters on which they had slight doubts for fear of â€Å"wasting† the money if it turned out that there was no fraud. Consequently, the PCAOB restricted the advisory services provided by auditing firms. Moreover, the PCAOB could set auditing standards for public companies. It separated the auditors from the management of the company, the self-regulated function of accounting was now taken over by the PCAOB and the management and the auditors were both legally obliged to report the company’s internal control and financial

Organizational Structure and Culture Essay Example for Free

Organizational Structure and Culture Essay Authority structure within organizations is important for the oversight of delegated processes and expected outcomes. Without structure, chaos would impede support, communications, and vision development. Organizational designs vary according to the need of the organization to operate efficiently, to achieve goals, and to support the associates within the organization. The organizational structure style design helps lead the organization in successful endeavors (Sullivan Decker, 2009). Organizational History The history of an organization contributes to the design of the formal organizational structure.  The medical center has a tumultuous history. A new modern building was constructed in 2000 to replace an older structure. The local physicians had no input into the decision or design of the new facility. The organizational structure during that time was a strict parallel design. The physicians reported to the chief medical officer and the Board of Trustees. The physicians jointly decided not to support the new local hospital; the organization began to collapse. The medical center eventually fell into bankruptcy because of the lack of physician support, poor financial management, and unscrupulous use of organizational monies. The court system retained a reconstruction organization in an attempt to rebuild the local hospital. During the time of bankruptcy the parallel organizational structure remained in place, but with less authority of the medical governance branch. The main focus of the organizational structure was financial survival of the organization. An immediate change was needed for the improvement of the dangerously low morale of the health care associates The once country owned, bankrupted not-for-profit-hospital was bought and sold twice before stabilization began to be a possibility. A corporation purchased the hospital and changed it to a for-profit organization. There was very little resistance to the change because the organization had been surviving in chaos. According to Kurt Lewin’s three stage theory of change, the first phase, the unfreezing phase, is an important phase of change. Change is getting ready to happen during this phase. The health care associates of the medical center had been getting ready for change for a few years. The unfreezing phase requires the development of motivation. Motivation was the chance to prosper in a successful business venture while delivering quality care to the community (Kurt Lewin, 2012). Generational Culture The generational culture of the organization had a positive effect on the change. There was a common goal developed, the success of the organization. The generational similarities outnumber the generational differences. According Anick (2008), â€Å"The top reason for happiness in the workplace is the sense of feeling valued† (Table 2. Elements on which members of each generation are mostly similar). The traditional, baby boomers, generation X, and generation Y became involved in the decision making as the new organization structure formed. They shared ideas and offered suggestions for patient care improvement. Informal leaders began to emerge. During the refreezing phase, the stabilization became the norm. The differences in the generational culture became more apparent. More processes, greater accountability, and new required use of technology caused a feeling of less worth for the older generation of health care providers. The younger nurses seemed to adapt more quickly to new systems and techniques. Older nurses began to believe they were less important to the process. The informal leader roles changed. A new information system was installed and education was initiated. This led to more attention on the differences of the generational cultures. Much of the required education was completed on the computer. E-mail is essential for communication within the organization. Some of the traditional generation began to feel left behind. At the end of the first year, many of the health care providers who had survived the previous chaos succumbed to the new advancements and left the organization. Current Organizational Design The current organizational structure of the medical center is a matrix design. The upper administration consists of a chief nursing officer, chief financial officer, and an assistant administrator. This group reports directly to the chief executive officer. The chief executive officer reports to the Board of Trustees. The medical center consists of two distinct campuses, four on-site clinics, and one clinic located off campus. The upper administration is responsible for the organization. The matrix esign is complex and requires good interpersonal skills for dual managers. Each nursing unit has a nurse manager. The nurse managers report to the chief nursing officer regarding any patient care issues. The nurse managers of the behavioral health campus also report to the behavioral health program director for organizational issues. The physicians are under the organizational umbrella for operational regulations but report to the chief medical officer regarding medical patient care. The resource manager has a dual reporting line to the chief nursing officer and the chief financial officer. The matrix requires frequent communication between the dual authorities. Non-management views the frequent meetings as meetings about meetings (Sullivan Decker, 2009) Formal lines of reporting are evident within the organization. The nurse managers report to the chief nursing officer. Managers of departments involving financial business of the hospital report to the chief financial officer. Ancillary and support services report to the assistant administrator. The compliance officer, the pharmacy director and the behavioral health program director report directly to the chief executive officer. The formal lines of reporting are used for recognition of associates, disciplinary offenses, and arbitration of challenges between departments. Patient-Centered Care Environment The organization is creating an environment for client-centered care by the development of a nursing leadership council consisting of direct care providers. The council membership includes seven registered nurses from nursing units with day and night shift representation. The nursing council interviews associates and patients, observes processes, and reports findings to the council. Changes in nursing processes are approved through the nursing council with final approval by the chief nursing officer. The council members were selected using predetermined criteria. The informal leaders of individual departments were chosen for their job performances and their proven leadership skills. The shared governance gives ownership of patient care to the frontline caregivers (Hess, 2004). Organizational Communication Various communication methods are used within the organization. Formal, time sensitive communications are delivered face-to-face or by technology. E-mail and web conferencing are the most frequent used methods for upper administration. Both methods allow quick responses between the communicators. Upper-level management processes the information and decides the best delivery method to the next lower-level management, depending on the subject matter and the expected time frames. Middle management associates attend leadership meetings every two weeks. Management communicates organizational status through these meetings. Plans for future projects are discussed during the leadership meetings. Middle management has e-mail accounts and receives electronic communications on changes. Middle management holds departmental meetings at least monthly to distribute information to the direct care providers. Upper-level management holds open meetings for the direct care providers each quarter. The meetings focus on current organizational trends and plans. Direct care providers ask questions and make suggestions for improvement during the open meetings. Communication boards are placed in strategic areas through the work areas. Information is placed on the communication boards and updated weekly. Questions frequently come from the information from the boards. Conclusion The organizational structure can be descriptive of the culture of the organization. A ridged authoritarian organizational structure defines an organization that does not allow the frontline workers to participate in decisions that affect the organization. The matrix organizational design requires open communication between the leaders of the organization. Added shared governance from the frontline creates more awareness is put on the quality and delivery of the product. Organizational structures vary and are representative of the leadership within.

Ethical Judgments in the Arts and the Natural Sciences Essay -- Ethic

Ethical judgments limit the methods available in the production of knowledge in both the arts and the natural sciences. Discuss. When talking about ethics we have to take in account that it is based on the socially standardized concept of some things being good and some things being bad. Therefore what might be seen as socially unethical arts for some people, in another society or in another time, it probably won’t be so. The same is true for the natural sciences. And even if we take our western society as a base, there are some aspects of ethics and some specific topics of which people do not have a standardized opinion. The idea of it being ethical or not depends on thebeliefs of every individual. In this essay I am going to focus on the fact that some people carry out unethical investigations (in arts), experiments ( in the natural sciences) or processes ( in both), knowing that the people will not accept it. This is because they think that the unethical methods will lead them to an end that is of a greater good, or that will cause more good than bad. Therefore, the question is wether it is worth it to use unethical methods to achieve a goal that might or might not do a lot of good. There are two clear points of view, the one from the people that think that the end justifies the means and the one from the people who decide to follow the socially established ethical rules. First I will give an example of an unethical way to obtain knowledge in the natural sciences and I will show two points of view, then I will give an example of ethical limits in the production of knowledge in the arts and I will give two points of view. Animal testing is a good example of the problem of compromising ethics to achieve something good... ...it the methods that we use to obtain knowledge in the natural sciences and arts but those judgements do not always stop the people from using unethical methods. As long as the person carrying out the experiment or the performance believes that what they are doing ir right or rational, they will not stop doing it willingly. It is better to keep a balance between emotion and reason when deciding about if something is ethical or not and about weather something is worth to be done. The problem with this is that most humans are selfish by nature and they will probaly always choose what is best for them, what is more reasonable to them, not even caring about wether it is ethical or not. Works Cited http://www.peta.org/action/ http://visualmaniac.com/visualmag/videos/yolanda-dominguez-art-activism-on-9-vide http://condignart.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/vic.jpg

He tendency for human beings to copy one another is shown in the popularity of fashion and goods Essay

The tendency for human beings to copy one another is shown in the popularity of fashion and goods. Agree or disagree. Agree – Economic urge – Easy to copy Disagree – Not easy to copy due to complicated procedures – Other fields are easier to be copied Fashion and goods are becoming more similar between brands. Some people think that manufacturers are copying ideas of each other in such products while others claim that this is hardly necessarily reflected mostly in fashion and goods. I believe that in any field, people can copy from other and sometimes, fashion and consumer goods are far from easy imitation. First of all, it is thought that copying the style of fashion and goods is easier than other types of imitation. Just a glance at design is sufficient enough to provide other competitive brands to follow and manufacture right after the original item comes into being. Nevertheless, people’s desire is to enjoy products with good appearance and quality at the same time. Despite the copying trend of outstanding appearance, if the quality of products is below expectation of consumers, for instance, short durability and high price, the latter ones will shun away these items soon. Second of all, people mostly need goods in their daily life. The rate of consumption in daily goods adds up to billions of dollars for producers, which motivates them to copy each other. Yet, when it involves the assembly line and advanced technological applications, it is far from easy to follow suit. Technological goods need expertise, significant investment and long-term research. Hence, though goods may look like each other, they are rarely products of pure emulation and mass- consumed. Chinese products, for instance, in spite of being believed to be of lower price and copy others in the world, are still not as attractive as original ones as created in America and Japan due to their unfashionable design and short-time durability. In addition, copying trend is noticeable in other fields. In arts, the musical style of one nation borrows greatly from that of other countries to enrich cultural heritage of each nation while products of high intellectuality such as writing styles are somehow similar to each other. Even in choice of life, when a person has little inkling about what he or she does in life, it is more likely that he or she will travel the same journey as predecessors to be on the safe side. When it comes to work environment where competition is higher, to ingratiate oneself with bosses, employees are possible to copy ideas of others, which actually proves easier than to imitate the complicated business models to generate fashion designs or consumer goods. â €“ written by lena pham-

History of French Cuisine from Conventional to Extraordinary Essay

Derived from the French language, bon appetit has been a familiar saying known around the world. Meaning good appetite or enjoy your meal, bon appetit exemplifies the French culture. The French have been known for centuries of elegant and exquisite cuisine especially gourmet desserts. Located in Western Europe between Italy and Spain, France has been a hotspot of enriched ancient culture. France flourished into a tourist location which ignited a change in France’s commercial kitchens. Chefs were obliged to create dishes that appealed to a growing audience. French cuisine has evolved extensively over the centuries. However, centuries of bliss and creativity was dampened with years of anguish and turmoil, when Germany occupied France during the Second World War. France’s once plentiful food supply quickly turned scarce. This forced cooks to utilize new substitutions for ingredients and start practical meal planning. The hardships the French cuisine faced during 1940-1944 simultaneously changed the French lifestyle. Modern French food now embodies simplicity yet class; rustic yet modern. Once having everything then being stripped away to nothing, France needed to rebuild a cuisine embracing the past, present, and future. Therefore beginning from World War II to modern day, French cuisine has experienced many changes whereby impacting French culture. An adversary of Germany, France sustained a significant setback when Germany took control. Prior to the German occupation, French food was known has haute or grande cuisine. Traditional haute cuisine is highly noted all around the world. The food is well known due to the immense amount of preparation and presentation that goes into each dish. Precision plays a crucial role in creating an exquisite haute meal (Franklin). However, haute cuisine ceased to exist under German occupation and subsequent food shortages. Lines were long in front of French shops as people hoped to purchase depleted foods and staple products. Burdened with these difficulties, the French government instituted food charts and tickets which were to be exchanged for French staples. Items such as butter, bread, and meat were being rationed. Traditional cuisine then became obsolete due to citizens skimping on spices and decorations. Although the government tried to provide food subsidies, hunger still existed affecting the youth in urban areas. With the absence of standard foods normally seen in their diet, the French people searched for new European dietary substitutes (Beaufort). They ate unusual vegetables, such as Swedish turnip and Jerusalem artichoke. Products such as sugar were replaced by alternatives such as saccharin. In lieu of coffee, toasted barley mixed with chicory became the beverage of choice (â€Å"French Classics†). Scams and trickery got the best of people who were desperate for a meal during this time. Some people utilized the black market. There people could sell food without government tickets. Resulting in the prices being extremely high. Counterfeit food tickets were also in circulation. Along with the black market there was also direct buying from farmers in the countryside. The above activities carried the risk of fines and punishments as they were strictly prohibited by the government. In remote country villages vegetable gardens, the availability of milk products, and illicit animal slaughtering provided better survival for the people verses those living in the large cities (Beaufort). Wine played a key role during World War II as well. Wine is commonly consumed during festive occasions it has been utilized during war as well. Over the years, wine has made an unusual appearance on the battlefield. Commanders have allowed their troops to consume wine on the front lines hoping for an increase in performance and moral. During World War II, the combination of wine and war played out in a heartfelt way. The French army did everything in their power to keep their wine and their national identity out of the hands of the invading German forces (â€Å"Saving†). Although, the German forces did invade France, the consumption of wine on the frontline gave hope to the French soldiers that traditional French culture was being preserved during and after the war. The liberation of France began on June 6th, 1944. The Allied forces put forth into to action their plan, D-Day which was the invasion of France. After World War II, tourism signaled a new beginning for French cuisine. Tourism introduced the demand for haute cuisine at a reasonable price. Japanese, Middle Easterners, British, Americans, and even French travelers were yearning for new food experiences. French chefs were now determined to start a new style of cooking, one that would keep some traditional recipes but implement new ones. New cuisine was a counteraction to the classic haute cuisine (Franklin). New cuisine or Nouvelle was the answer that chefs from all parts of the world were looking for. Nouvelle cuisine had several characteristics. For example it was important that high quality and fresh products were utilized for cooking. The chefs would travel to markets every morning and look for the freshest products. These new and improved cooks would not fathom the idea of using any product that was not absolutely fresh or needed preservatives. Chefs simplified menu cards deleting a long list of dishes. Smaller quantities and choices meant no leftovers guaranteeing freshness. Chefs were looking for quality and became more attracted by unfamiliar products. Foreign influences prevailed and chefs began to use exotic products from Asia, North Africa and Italy (â€Å"Nouvelle Cuisine†). In new cuisine recipes, fewer ingredients were used to enhance purity and light sauces substituted creamy, thick ones. Flexible preparation methods and more experimentation with non-traditional flavors allowed new cuisine to become popular (Franklin). Fortunately, this new cooking style is said to be less fattening. Chefs used limited meat in new recipes which stems from the shortage of meat during World War II. It is perfect for those seeking a healthier lifestyle. Additionally, the new cuisine was prepared with lighter ingredients such as herbs, quality butter, lemon juice, and vinegar. This flexible and less expensive cuisine mainstreamed into restaurants and other eateries (Beaufort). One byproduct of the new cuisine is the menu de degustation or tasting menu that was offered in many restaurants. Achieving notoriety, diners were eager to sample all of the dishes of the new cuisine. Each member in a group had the opportunity to order a different appetizer, main course, and dessert. Tasting menus gave the diners the convenience to experience many varieties. Another byproduct of new cuisine is the choice of a la carte. It is a menu in which the patron makes individual selections from various menu categories and each item is priced separately. Serving single portions was seen as a rare new talent to chefs (Olver). The French culture was launched and savored by people around the world. World War II impacted French living for the better by reevaluating French values and introducing new French cuisine ideas. French cuisine influenced other cultures as well and many countries adapted new French cooking methods. Throughout the centuries, France was noted for its grandiose and eccentric lifestyle. Rich foods and lavish feasts were an integral part of the France culture. Chefs prepared French cuisine with the finest ingredients. Wine was served and enjoyed at every meal. Food was plentiful for all. All of this changed rapidly with the German Invasion in 1940. A ravaged and war torn country left the French people forced to explore new and less expensive ways to provide meals solely for survival. Yet, despite the devastation and hardship the French citizens endured, they utilized these cost effective measures and the importation of ingredients into the development of the nouvelle cuisine. Tasting menus and ala carte menus, not to mention exquisite appetizers and desserts, created the ultimate dining experience enjoyed by patrons. Thus emerged the world renowned and delectable French cuisine that is so popular today.

Explaining Different Types Of Essays - Paperell.com

Explaining Different Types Of Essays Explaining Different Types Of Essays When students start learning at a college, they may wonder â€Å"what is an essay and why do we need to write it while studying at a college and university?† It is not difficult as it’s supposed to be but you need to spend time and use your skills when creating an essay Each essay is a short piece of writing. It usually has a topic so it lets a student show what he or she thinks about it, do a research, make analysis, and present their point of view. The process of essay creating involves reading sources and making deductions. There are many different types of essay writing and each of them can be presented in its specified format. What to keep in mind? When you are going to create an essay, you should know the preferred type and write it in an appropriate format. The difficulty of an essay can be different, from small narrative papers about your experience to bigger complex documents based on your research. Each essay type has its style and objectives. If you donâ€⠄¢t understand how to create a paper of a specific type, you can hire a writer and use a website with essays for sale and other papers. It is a fast way of getting a ready paper on any topic you need.Explaining Different Types Of Essays5-paragraph EssayThis is a short paper that consists of the five paragraphs. The first paragraph is an introduction, it is followed by the three paragraphs of the main body, and the paper end with a conclusion. It has a simple structure so it doesn’t take much time to create.Admission EssayWhen you are applying to any college or university, you can be required to write an admission paper. There you will show that you are worth learning there, present your achievements and skills, and prove why you are better than the others.Argumentative EssayThis type of a paper requires the negotiable topic. It lets you show your opinion about it. Then you find arguments to prove that this opinion and true and you are more right about it than other students o r other members of a conversation.Cause and EffectEvery event has its causes and the research of connections between causes and effects can help you to study fields that haven’t been studied before. It also helps to predict things and make forecasts by the current knowledge.ClassificationThis paper helps you to show your skills of sorting things and dividing them into groups. You have to develop a specific organizing principle and use it to sort things into several categories. You should be able to explain why each item belongs to its category.ComparisonIt lets you compare two or more different artists, historical periods, or other items. You should find differences and similarities between these items and then list them in your paper, go from less to more significant differences and similarities.CriticalIt shows your own position about any painting, book, or other work that was created by another person – you need to tell what do you think about it and why do you thin k so. You should explain your position and your thoughts on the subject.DeductiveWhen having a set of circumstances, a student can make assumptions about the current state of the situation; thus, when preparing a deductive essay, you work with a premise, evidence, and the conclusion.DefinitionIt presents a definition of a specific term. Write a term that you are going to define at the beginning of a paper. Then you need to present information on it, use examples and evidence to create a good definition for this term.ExploratoryMany types require you to define your position and find arguments to prove it. However, the exploratory essay doesn’t need you to express your thoughts. You gather information on a topic, study it and present several different positions about it.ExpositoryIt also doesn’t need to you to show your point of view. It is about facts, evidence, details, and points of view of other people. When writing an expository paper, you can give more information on a subject of your research and explain it to readers.InformalIt is opposite to formal style of paper writing. There are much fewer requirements for the structure, formatting, and order of sections; such documents are usually written for relax and enjoyment, not for scientific objectives.LiteratureYou take a novel, a book, or another type of writing and analyze it. Pay attention to its style, theme, technique, setting, and other elements, don’t retell the story but show your vision of it.NarrativeThis paper is presented as a story and told from your point of view. It lets you write about yourself and your experience. This type is comparatively easy in writing but you still may need an assignment help from professionals.PersonalThis is a paper about yourself, your skills and experience, n your vision of the subject. Show why are you interested in a specific field and how did you learn about it, make sure you can make impression on readers that have never seen you before.Pers uasiveIt is similar to the argumentative style of writing. You do a research on your topic, define your position, find evidence, and provide arguments to convince readers that you’re right. It helps you to develop your persuasive skills.ResearchIt is based on the results of your research. You are able to describe the objectives of your research, used methodologies, sources for information, and the meaning of results of your research.ResponseThis is a paper written in response to any work you have read, watched, or listened. Tell readers whether you agree with it or not, what do you think, what are your impressions and thoughts about it.Scholarship EssayIt is similar to application essay that you write to get a scholarship, here you present your skills and experience, tell about who you are and what your main objectives are, and show why you should win.ConclusionThere are many types of papers and each of them has its style of writing. You need to know the preferred type and yo ur objectives before writing any essay and ask your instructor if there are more requirements. When learning at college or university, you will work with different ways of academic writing. That is why it is better to develop writing skills early. With time, you will create more and more interesting essays. It is recommended to read an essay writing guide before working on the document, it shows you how to present information, how to develop a good structure, and how to prove that you are right. Each type of essay may have its specific guide.

Facts and Key Figures in the Battle of Gettysburg

Facts and Key Figures in the Battle of Gettysburg Dates July 1-3, 1863 Location Gettysburg, Pennsylvania Key Individuals Involved in the Battle of Gettysburg Union: Major General George G. Meade Confederate: General Robert E. Lee Outcome Union Victory, with 51,000 casualties total. Of those, 28,000 were Confederate soldiers. Overview of the Battle General Robert E. Lee had succeeded at the Battle of Chancellorsville and decided to push north in his Gettysburg campaign. He met the Union forces in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Lee concentrated his armys full strength against Major General George G. Meade’s Army of the Potomac at the Gettysburg crossroads. On July 1, Lees forces moved on the Union forces in the town from both the west and the north. This drove the Union defenders through the streets of the city to Cemetery Hill. During the night, reinforcements arrived for both sides of the battle. On July 2, struck the Lee attempted to surround the Union army. First, he sent Longstreets and Hills divisions to strike the Union left flank at the Peach Orchard, Devil’s Den, the  Wheatfield, and the Round Tops. He then sent Ewells divisions against the Union right flank at Culp’s and East Cemetery Hills. By evening, the Union forces still held  Little Round Top  and had repulsed most of Ewell’s forces. During the morning of July 3, the Union struck back and were able to drive the Confederate infantry from their last toe-hold on Culp’s Hill. That  afternoon, after a short artillery bombardment, Lee decided to push the attack on the Union center on Cemetery Ridge. The Pickett-Pettigrew assault (more popularly, Pickett’s Charge) briefly struck through the Union line but was quickly repulsed with severe casualties. At the same time, Stuart’s cavalry tried to gain the Union rear, but his forces were also repulsed. On July 4, Lee began withdrawing his army toward Williamsport on the Potomac River. His train of wounded stretched more than fourteen miles. Significance of the Battle of Gettysburg The Battle of Gettysburg is seen as the turning point of the war. General Lee had  attempted and failed to invade the North. This was a move designed to remove pressure from Virginia and possibly emerge victorious so as to quickly end the war. The failure of Pickett’s Charge was the sign of the Souths loss. This loss for the Confederates was demoralizing. General Lee would never attempt another invasion of the North to this degree.

Internet of Things-Smart Home Literature review

Internet of Things-Smart Home - Literature review Example uniqueness in home appliances such as security cameras, utility meters, thermostats, Blu-ray players and TVs, rather than a feature for the mass-market. As the world moves into a future where connectivity is pervasive and embedded in virtually every household device, this view will become out-dated. According to many analysts, the future smart home is likely to hold between 15 and 30 connected devices and sensors, all linked through a home network and related to service providers’ systems as well as the internet. The array of connected devices will range from usual household appliances through electric vehicle charging infrastructure and solar panels that consume as well as generate electricity. It is expected that the combined revenues from the home energy management (HEM), home automation and smart metering segments will be worth over $44 billion as at 2016. However, the overall potential of the smart home is expected to be considerably greater as devices from the health, ho me security, and entertainment sectors also become connected (Groupe Speciale Mobile Association [GSMA], 2011). This paper aims to undertake a critical review on the smart home. Precisely, this paper shall undertake a review of the smart home techniques that are currently in use, the communication techniques, and the boards used. This paper shall further review the currently used boards against the Teensy board, Adafruit CC3000 board, and an Arduino board with yun processor. Smart Home is a term used to refer to a residence that utilizes a home controller to integrate the different household automation systems within the residence (Robles & Kim, 2010). According to Levy, Taga, Saadoun & Riegel (2012), the Smart Home market consists of four main segments that include home automation/security, home assistance, home cloud, and e-Health. Levy et al (2012) point out that home automation is the centralization on a unique user interface of five major home systems. These include home utility and

Oncogenes and Breast Cancer Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Oncogenes and Breast Cancer - Term Paper Example Thus, classification of tumors in diverse types and subtypes along with the identification of individuals who are at the potential risk of cancer is gaining prevalence. A combination of data procured from gene-expression and genomic information aids in the detection of possible new targets for designing high-throughput screening strategies for designing drugs that will lead to advances in cancer cell-targeted therapy. The present article deals with the importance of understanding for oncogenes to comprehend breast cancer. Introduction Cancer is known as malignant neoplasm, the hallmark characteristic involves uncontrolled proliferation of cells. Under normal conditions cells grow, divide and die, but in a genetic defect called mutation occur in cancer cells leading to the formation of an abnormal DNA. As genes are the basic control machine of the cells, alteration of any kind may bring devastating consequences, or malignancy. When compared with the normal cells, where damage of any k ind is taken care by the repair system, tumor cells do not have any repair mechanism for the damaged DNA and there is a constant proliferation of cells without displaying senescence hence, generating a series of abnormal cells, with altered cellular pathways for uncontrolled proliferation, figuring malignant tumors (Alberts 2007; Katzang et al. 2009). (Normal cell cycle) (Genetic mutation- causes alteration in genes) (Alberts 2007) Cancer cells manifest, to varying degrees, four characteristics that distinguish them from normal cells, comprising- uncontrolled proliferation, de-differentiation and loss of function, invasiveness and metastasis (Rang et al. 2007). The Genesis of a Cancer Cell A normal cell turns into a cancer cell because of one or more mutations in its DNA, which can be inherited or acquired. In case of the breast cancer, woman who inherits a single defective copy of either of these tumor suppressor genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 displays an augmented risk of developing breast cancer. However, carcinogenesis is a complex, multistage process, usually involving more than one genetic change. Other epigenetic factors responsible for carcinogenesis involve epigenetic factors, such as level of hormones in the body, exposure to carcinogens and tumor promoting agents. These epigenetic factors do not produce cancer by themselves but enhances the likelihood of genetic mutation(s) resulting in cancer. These genetic changes are categorized as - A. The activation of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes: Proto-oncogenes are the normal genes present in the cells and are responsible for controlling cell division, cell differentiation and apoptosis. A triggering factor such as a virus or exposure to any carcinogen brings malignant changes in the cell. B. The inactivation of tumor suppressor genes: A cell has the mechanism to protect itself from uncontrolled proliferation and tumor formation due to expression of genes called tumor suppressor genes. These genes possess the ability to suppress malignant changes and are also referred as antioncogenes. Mutation in proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes results in the proliferation of tumor. Thus, a loss of function of tumor supp

Rapid-Cycling Populations of Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Rapid-Cycling Populations of - Essay Example It has already been established that there is a lot of variation in the attributes that distinguish intraspecific taxa. Another weakness is that despite their importance and diversity, there is little genetic information available on brassicas and radish (Williams & Hill 1386). This is brought about (partially) by the long reproductive cycles (6-12 months or more) for majority of horticultural types. There is a close connection between this paper and my experiment this semester. The connection becomes evident when one reads the sections of the paper that detail the various uses and applications of brassica its related species. Economic uses like the production of edible and industrial oils are an indication of the chemical components of brassica. In addition to this, use of brassica as animal fodder, vegetables, and in the production of condiment mustard is testament to the fact that brassica are made up of minerals and other components which are of nutritional value to both humans and

The Role Of Women In Islam Theology Religion Essay

The Role Of Women In Islam Theology Religion Essay In todays day and age, there is a general perception that womens rights reached its momentum with the start of the Womens Liberation Movement of the 20th century, specifically between the 1970s-1980s. However, from the Islamic point of view, womens liberation was not started by some radical political groups of the West, but was revealed by Allah to Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) in as long ago as the 7th century. The Quran and the Traditions of the Prophet (Hadith and Sunna) guarantee every Muslim woman certain rights and duties. II. Women in Ancient Civilizations In order to get achieve a better insight of the status of women today, it is worthwhile to preview how women were treated in previous civilizations and religions that precede Islam (Pre-610 C.E). India: During the era of the Aryan civilization (2500 B.C), women were accorded almost the same status as men. Women were educated, had a say in their marriage decisions and own their own properties. Even prostitutes were admired for their expertise in the art of music and dance and widows were allowed to remarry. This trend took a nose-diving turn with the start of the Medieval era (1500 B.C) and unfortunately resulted in practices like Satti( dying with the husband at the funeral pyre), Jauhar (wives immolating themselves when they realized that their husbands were going to die in enemy hands) and child marriages. Rome: was a typically male dominated society; so much so that in the Roman Republic a man could legally kill his wife or daughter if they questioned his authority. Women were also kept out of positions of power. They were not allowed to be senators, governors, lawyers, judges or any of the other official positions involved in running the Roman Empire. Women were also not allowed to vote in elections. Athens: In the 5th century women in ancient Athenian societies were given no legal rights and were allowed to leave the house only for short distances with a chaperone. It was a common belief that women were emotional creatures who were dangerous to themselves and needed to be taken care of by men. Although women might own some personal items and have charge of a slave or two, they could not own property or enter into contracts. III. Rights of a Muslim woman In the Quran Allah frequently addresses both the man and the woman. In one passage Allah reveals: For Muslim men and women, for believing men and women, for devout men and women, for true men and women who are patient, for men and women who humble themselves, for men and women who give in charity, for men and women who fast, for men and women who guard their chastity, and for men and women who engage much in Allahs praise For them all has Allah prepared forgiveness and great reward. (33:35) i) Social Status: As a daughter -In Pre-Islamic Arabian tribes, the practice of female infanticide was a norm. However, according to the Quran, this practice is prohibited in Islam:- And when the girl (who was) buried alive is asked, for what sin she was killed. (81:8-9). -Moreover, the Quran even rebukes the unwelcoming attitude of some parents:- And when one of them is informed of (the birth of) a female, his face becomes dark, and he suppresses grief.   He hides himself from the people because of the ill of which he has been informed.   Should he keep it in humiliation or bury it in the ground?   Certainly, evil is what they decide. (Quran 16:58-59). -Parents of a daughter are expected to treat her with justice and equality:- Whosoever supports two daughters until they mature, he and I will come on the Day of Judgment as this (and he pointed with his fingers held together). -The education of girls is supported:- Seeking knowledge is mandatory for every Muslim. As a wife Islam views marriage as an equal partnership.   When a person gets married they neither marry a slave nor a master.  It is the basic, fundamental ideological fundamental of a Muslim that servitude belongs to God alone. Hence the Quran states:- And among His signs is this: That He created mates for you from yourselves that you may find rest, peace of mind in them, and He ordained between you love and mercy. Lo, herein indeed are signs for people who reflect. [Quran 30:21] To foster the love and security that comes with marriage, Muslim wives have several rights: the first one is to receive mahr from the husband, which is a gift as part of the marriage contract A wife has the right to kind treatment. The Prophet (P.B.U.H)) said: The most perfect believers are the best in conduct. And the best of you are those who are best to their wives. As far as divorce is concerned, God provides general guidelines for the process of divorce with emphasis throughout on both parties upholding the values of justice and kindness in formalizing the end to their marriage:- And when you divorce women and they have [nearly] fulfilled their term, either retain them according to acceptable terms or release them according to acceptable terms, and do not keep them, intending harm, to transgress [against them]. (Surah 2. 231) God encourages the husband and wife to appoint arbitrators as the first step to aid in reconciliation in the process of divorce. If the reconciliation step fails, both men and women are guaranteed their right to divorce as established in the Quran, but the question lies in what is the procedure for each. When a divorce is initiated by the man, it is known as talaq. The pronouncement by the husband may be verbal or written, but once done, a waiting period of three months (iddat) must take place in which there are no sexual relations even though the two are living under the same roof. The waiting period helps prevent hasty decisions made in anger and enables both parties to reconsider as well as determine if the wife is pregnant. If the wife is pregnant, the waiting period is lengthened until she delivers. At any point during this time, the husband and wife are free to resume their relationship, thereby stopping the divorce process. At this time, the husband remains financially respons ible for the support of his wife. The divorce initiated by the wife is known as khu (if the husband is not at fault) and entails the wife giving her dowry to end the marriage because she is the contract breaker. In the instance of talaq where the husband is the contract breaker, he must pay the dowry in full in cases where all or part of it was deferred. As a mother Mothers have greater right and deserve more kindness, help service, good treatment and companionship than the fathers because the mother is the first one to care for the children and she suffers more directly with daily hardships in their upbringing. This tradition indicates that a mother has three times the rights of that of a father due to the sufferings she experiences during the various stages of her childs life; in pregnancy, delivery, nursing, and raising the child. And We have enjoined on man to be dutiful and good to his parents. His mother bore him in weakness and hardship upon weakness and hardship. The duration of carrying him (in the womb) and weaning is two years. So thank Me and to your parents; unto Me is the final destination. [31:14] ii) Economic Aspect a) Womans Right to Property (Inheritance): From what is left by parents and those nearest related there is a share for men and a share for women, whether the property be small or large, a determinate share. (Surah 4, Ayah 7) b) Financial Security and Inheritance Laws: Financial security is assured for women. They are entitled to receive marital gifts without limit and to keep present and future properties and income for their own security, even after marriage. No married woman is required to spend any amount at all from her property and income on the household. The woman is entitled also to full financial support during marriage and during the waiting period (iddah) in case of divorce or widowhood. Some jurists require, in addition, one years support for divorce and widowhood (or until they remarry, if remarriage takes place before the year is over). A woman who bears a child in marriage is entitled to child support from the childs father. c) Employment: Whilst women carry the heavy burden of bearing and rearing children, they may still be at par with men, that is, they have the right to seek employment as long as this does not interfere with her primary role as a wife and a mother. In Islam, however, the value and importance of women in society and the true measure of their success as human beings, is measured with completely different criteria: their fear of Allah and obedience to Him, and fulfillment of the duties He has entrusted them with, particularly that of bearing, rearing and teaching children. iii) Political Rights Any fair investigation of the teachings of Islam into the history of the Islamic civilization will surely find a clear evidence of womans equality with man in what we call today political rights. This includes the right of election as well as the nomination to political offices. It also includes womans right to participate in public affairs. Both in the Quran and in Islamic history we find examples of women who participated in serious discussions and argued even with the Prophet (P) himself During the Caliphate of Omar Ibn al-Khattab, a woman argued with him in the mosque, proved her point, and caused him to declare in the presence of people: A woman is right and Omar is wrong. Although not mentioned in the Quran, one Hadeeth of the Prophet is interpreted to make woman ineligible for the position of head of state. The Hadeeth referred to is roughly translated: A people will not prosper if they let a woman be their leader. This limitation, however, has nothing to do with the dignity of woman or with her rights. It is rather, related to the natural differences in the biological and psychological make-up of men and women. According to Islam, the head of the state is no mere figurehead. He leads people in the prayers, especially on Fridays and festivities; he is continuously engaged in the process of decision-making pertaining to the security and well-being of his people. This demanding position, or any similar one, such as the Commander of the Army, is generally inconsistent with the physiological and psychological make-up of woman in general. It is a medical fact that during their monthly periods and during their pregnancies, women undergo various physiological and psychological changes. Such changes may occur during an emergency situation, thus affecting her decision, without considering the excessive strain which is produced. Moreover, some decisions require a maximum of rationality and a minimum of emotionality a requirement which does not coincide with the instinctive nature of women. Even in modern times, and in the most developed countries, it is rare to find a woman in the position of a head of state acting as more than a figurehead, a woman commander of the armed services, or even a proportionate number of women representatives in parliaments, or similar bodies. One can not possibly ascribe this to backwardness of various nations or to any constitutional limitation on womans right to be in such a position as a head of state or as a member of the parliament. It is more logical to explain the present situation in terms of the natural and indisputable differences between man and woman, a difference which does not imply any supremacy of one over the other. The difference implies rather the complementary roles of both the sexes in life. IV.Conclusion In this report, the status of women in Islam has been described as purely given in the Quran and revealed by the Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H). However, the role of women has not only been shaped by Islamic text but also by the history and culture of the Muslim world. Moreover, the issue of women in Islam has been viewed as highly controversial through the centuries. While it is believed that these revelations on womens liberation in the Quran made major improvements in the oppressed status of women in pre-Arab societies, the deterioration of this status took place soon after the death of the Prophet (P.B.U.H). With the growth of the Womens Liberation Movement in the West, many feminist writers came to view the practice of wearing the veil as a symbol of womens oppression and subservience to men. The hijaab in Islam is given as a way for women to conceal their attractiveness and appear dignified so that attention is drawn more to their character than physical beauty. Islam enjoins modest dress for both men and women, and in a Muslim society, the men as well as the women typically dress conservatively. The Quran tells them to dress modestly and cover their hair in all public situations, others insist that their whole body including hands and face are to be covered, yet others understand the guidance to mean a more general attitude of modesty both in dress and attitude. Many Muslim women freely choose to dress modestly in order to avoid the public scrutiny, judgments, and social dynamics associated with physical appearance. By dressing in ways that do not draw attention. Additionally, polygamy is seen as a sign of inequality amongst men and women. This concept is clarified stating that polygamy was introduced as a means to protect women and children who may otherwise be taken advantage of. Moreover, there are strict conditions placed on men to provide equal time and money to all their wives. The rights of divorce are also open to the wife if she is unfairly treated. The Prophet Muhammad was married to his first wife, Khadijah, for 25 years, and he did not take other wives until after her death. His marriages to several widows and divorcees in later years were primarily contracted for political and humanitarian reasons, as was expected of a man in his position. His home life was characterised by love, consideration, kindness and respect. Despite all these teachings in Islam it is no secret that some brutal traditions are still prevalent in many Muslim societies. In many parts of Pakistan, female infanticide is still on the rise. According to the Edhi Foundation, some 1000 babies were found dead in different parts of Pakistan in the year 2011. Even though the Hijaab is meant to be a symbol of modesty and social identity there are innumerable societies where the purdah is more of a cultural restriction than a matter of choice. Domestic violence against women is almost a norm in many societies where women dont come forward to claim their rights.

The Atomic Bomb :: essays research papers fc

The Atomic Bomb   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On July 16, 1945, the United States of America ushered the world into a new era with the successful detonation of an atomic bomb in New Mexico. That era was the nuclear age. Less than a month later, on August 6, 1945, an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan; the first use of a nuclear weapon against an enemy nation. Most of us know of these basic events, but many do not know of the complicated decisions and scientific breakthroughs that paved the way towards that fateful day in Hiroshima. Every day we are closer to having nuclear arms fall in the hands of someone who wishes to do harm with those weapons. Many question why we think the U.S. is justified in having our own atomic collection. This is why it is important to understand how the atomic bomb came about and why we decided it was necessary to use it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First reports of the bombs in Japan only reported that a â€Å"new type of bomb† had been used. Most had no concept of what an atom bomb was or why it was so powerful. The story of the atomic bomb opens with a series of new discoveries in physics that began near the turn of the century. The term classical is applied to the physics that scientists developed prior to that time (Cohen, 17). Much of it came from the work of the Father of Physics, the great seventeenth-century English scholar, Sir Isaac Newton. Newton was a scientific genius. Today, however, a competent student with a good high school physics course probably has a more accurate knowledge of the physical universe than Newton had. This is especially true concerning the most basic building blocks of matter, atoms. Newton, as did others before him, developed a theory about the structure of atoms. According to Newton’s theory, atoms were like marbles. They were solid and hard, but unlike marbl es, they could not be further divided. It was not until the latter half of the nineteenth century that scientific experiment began to prove otherwise. Thereafter, knowledge of atomic structure moved ahead very quickly (Cohen, 18). By the mid-1930’s, dedicated effort by British and other European scientists had revealed a new world of atomic structure, one filled with incredibly tiny systems of interacting subatomic particles containing electrons, protons, and neutrons.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1938, two German physicists, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman, were experimenting with uranium.

Google Book Case Essay

Ancient Ages The Royal Library of Alexandria, or Ancient Library of Alexandria, in Egypt, was one of the largest and most significant libraries of the ancient world. The Library is famous for having been burned, resulting in the loss of many scrolls and books, and has become a symbol of â€Å"knowledge and culture destroyedâ€Å". A single piece of writing might occupy several scrolls, and this division into self-contained â€Å"books† was a major aspect of editorial work. King Ptolemy II Philadelphus (309–246 BC) is said to have set 500,000 scrolls as an objective for the library. [17] Mark Antony supposedly gaveCleopatra over 200,000 scrolls (taken from the great Library of Pergamum) for the library as a wedding gift Ancient Ages Egyptian Papyrus After extracting the marrow from the stems, a series of steps (humidification, pressing, drying, gluing, and cutting), produced media of variable quality, the best being used for sacred writing. Dresden Codex The only currently deciphered complete writing system in the Americas is the Maya scroll. The Maya, along withseveral other cultures in Mesoamerica,  constructed concertina-style books written on Amatl paper. Nearly all Mayan texts were destroyed by the Spanish during colonization on cultural and religious grounds. One of the few surviving examples is the Dresden Codex. A Chinese Bamboo Book Writing on bone, shells, wood and silk existed in China long before the 2nd century BC. Paper was invented in China around the 1st century AD. 3 4 Middle Ages â€Å"At the end of the Middle Ages, in a small town in the Rhine Valley, an unassuming metalworker tinkered with a rickety wine press, metal alloys and oil-based ink. The result of his labors was an invention that took the world’s information and made it exponentially more accessible and useful. † Google Corporate Website on Johannes Gutenberg1 Handwritten notes by Christopher Columbus on the Latin edition of Marco Polo’s Le livre des merveilles. Modern Ages Among a series of developments that occurred in the 1990s, the spread of digital multimedia, which encodes texts, images, animations, and sounds in a unique and simple form was notable for the book publishing industry. Hypertext further improved access to information. Finally, the internet lowered production and distribution costs. An electronic book (variously: e-book, eBook, ebook, digital book, or even e-edition) is a book-length publication in digital form, consisting of text, images, or both, and produced on, published through, and readable on computers or other electronic devices. â€Å"Modern Book Printing† sculpture, showing a pile of modern codex books. First printed book in Georgian was published in Rome, in 1629 by Niceforo Isbachi 5 6 1 10/7/2013 No. of Books in History Technological Advancement US-published print book manifestations, by publication date (1900-2008)* 7 8 General Statistics Market Share & Penetration 9 10 What happen in the U. S. Book Market E-Book Adoption by World’s Regions 11 12 2 10/7/2013 How reader discover books? E-Book vs Print-Book 13 14 Battle among the best Battle among the best 15 16 A Visual Look at â€Å" There is nothing more fun than doing that work† 17 18 3 10/7/2013 Mission & Goal A Visual Look at A Visual Look at Google’s mission is to â€Å"organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful. † In order to accomplish this goal, Google stresses two main ideals: (a) always focus on the user and (b) there is always more information out there. â€Å"bring all the world’s information to users seeking answers. † In the interest of the user, Google aims to 19 20 Ethical Commitment A Visual Look at A Visual Look at Google’s basic ethical commitments were famously captured in its early This motto, which frames Google’s Code of motto: Conduct – and looking clearly over its shoulder at Microsoft – stands for its â€Å"recognition that everything we do in connection with our work at Google will be, and should be, measured against the highest possible standards of ethical business conduct. † â€Å"Don’t be evil. † 21 22 Where it all begins †¦ In 2002, Larry Page start this question. Where it all begins †¦ â€Å"How long it would take to scan every book in the world† ? After conducting their experiment, Page and team decided to travel the country to understand how existing digitization projects worked and how Google could use its technology to improve these efforts. To answer the question, Page and his team experimented on a 300-page book with a high-resolution camera and a musical metronome â€Å"We took the pictures to the beat of the metronome so he wouldn’t be taking pictures of my thumbs. † University of Michigan, the most precise estimation for scanning UM’s university library (7 million volumes) was  1,000 years. million books. 24 By 2010 Google had scanned more than 12 23 4 10/7/2013 The Partner Program The Partner Program works with authors and publishers to form a technological database of physically represented knowledge and to transfer this knowledge into a new digital format for use by future generations. In the users’ interest, each book added is one closer to Google’s overarching goal: The Library Project The Library Project Google has continued working with major libraries to include their volumes in Google Books. The Library Project serves users the same way a card catalog would. The Library Project functions as a tool to connect readers to relevant texts, many of which are out of copyright and would otherwise be impossible to find. Jo Guldi, a University of California (UC) doctoral candidate, proclaims, â€Å"This is huge. † She explains that UC’s partnership with Google Book Search allows scholars, students, and faculty to search through UC Library’s 5 million books online rather than having to laboriously search through 28 miles of universal access to organized information that is not partial or mutated. The Gulf War Chronicles, after entered into Google Book Search, sales ranking  jumped on the Barnes & Nobles index by 85%. 25 shelves. 26 The Library Project The Library Project As the director of one of the dozens of libraries around the world partnering with Google, Harvard University Library’s Sidney Verba believes the Library The Library Project The Case Study Advancement of Mankind Authors’ Inspiration & Business Ethics Project is an undertaking actively capturing the potential of the future: The new century presents important new opportunities for libraries, including Harvard’s, and for those individuals who use them. The collaboration between major research libraries and Google will create an important public good of benefit to students, teachers, scholars, and readers everywhere. The project harnesses the power of the Internet to allow users to identify books of interest with a precision and at a speed previously unimaginable. The user will then be guided to find books in local libraries or to purchase them from publishers and book vendors. And, for books in the public domain, there will be even broader access. Public Libraries, Universities Authors. Individuals Publishers Liberating or Appropriating 27 28 Discussion Who is harmed by Google’s Print Library program? Make a list of harmed groups, and for each group, try to devise a solution that would eliminate or lessen the harm. Discussion1 The Library Project Authors Guild Class Action Suit The Authors Guild is America’s â€Å"oldest and largest professional society of published authors, representing more than 8,000 writers. † Its stated purpose is to â€Å"advocate for and support the copyright and contractual interests of published writers. † The Guild lobbies on the â€Å"national and local levels on behalf of all authors on issues such as copyright, taxation, and freedom of expression,† and intervenes in publishing disputes. 29 30 5 10/7/2013 Discussion1 The Library Project Authors Guild Class Action Suit Discussion1 The Library Project Not only AG, Not only Google It accused Google of â€Å"unauthorized scanning and copying of books through its Google Library program† By reproducing for itself a copy of those works that are not in the public domain, Google is engaging in a massive copyright infringement. It has infringed, and continues to infringe, the electronic rights of the copyrighted holders of those works . . . Google has announced plans to reproduce the Works for use on its web site in order to attract visitors to its web sites and generate advertising revenue. the American Authors Guild, the Australian Society of Authors and the Quebec Union of Writers filed a lawsuit on September 12 against five major universities working with Google on their Google books project. As reported in the New York Time, the lawsuit asserts that â€Å"by digitizing, archiving, copying and now publishing the copyrighted works without the authorization of those works’ rights holders, the universities are engaging in one of the largest infringements in history. † The lawsuit is against Google and HathiTrust The Guild claimed the display of these books online resulted in â€Å"depreciation in the value and ability to license and sell the Works, lost profits and/or opportunities, and 31 damage to their goodwill and reputation. † HathiTrust is a large-scale collaborative repository of digital content from research libraries including content digitized via the Google Books project and Internet Archive digitization initiatives, as well as content digitized locally by libraries. 32 Discussion1 The Library Project Not only AG, Not only Google The authors are seeking to â€Å"impound† approximately 7 Discussion1 The Library Project The LCA Strikes Back million copyrightprotected books that they claim were illegally scanned by Google and handed. over to HathiTrust, a partnership that includes over 50 research institutions and libraries. HathiTrust, which includes institutions such as MIT, Harvard and Johns Hopkins is currently compiling their own digitized library that includes many books to which the authors still hold rights to, according to the Authors’ Guild. In addition to HathiTrust, their suit takes aim specifically at the University of Michigan where HathiTrust is based, the University of California, the University of Wisconson, Indiana University and Cornell University. The Library Copyright Alliance (LCA) consists of three major library associations — the American Library Association, the Association of Research Libraries, and the Association of College and Research Libraries. The purpose of the LCA is to work toward a unified voice and common strategy for the library community in responding to and developing proposals to amend national and international copyright law and policy for the digital environment. The LCA’s mission is to foster global access and fair use of information for creativity, research, and education. 33 34 Discussion1 The Library Project The LCA Strikes Back Discussion1. The Library Project The LCA Strikes Back Two days after the lawsuit was filed the Library Copyright Alliance condemned AG â€Å"The case has no merit, and completely disregards the rights of libraries and their users under the law, especially fair use,† The â€Å"fair use† that the LCA is referring to is a legal doctrine that allows the reproduction of copyrighted material under certain circumstances. Even the US Copyright Office admits that â€Å"the distinction between fair use and infringement may be unclear and not easily defined. There is no specific number of words, lines, or notes that may safely be taken without permission. † How the fair use is defined? 35 36 6 10/7/2013 Discussion1 The Library Project American Association of Publishers Lawsuit Discussion1 The Library Project American Association of Publishers Lawsuit The publishing industry is united behind this lawsuit against Google and united in the fight to defend their rights. While authors and publishers know how useful Google’s search engine can be and think the Print Library could be an excellent resource, the bottom line is that under its current plan Google is seeking to make millions of dollars by freeloading on the talent and property of authors and publishers. According to an AAP press release, the suit was filed on behalf of five major publisher members of AAP The Association of American Publishers (AAP) is the national trade association of the U. S. book publishing industry, with over 300 members. These include â€Å"major commercial publishers, as well as smaller and non-profit publishers, university presses, and scholarly societies. The AAP mission is â€Å"the protection of intellectual property rights in all media, the defense of the freedom to read and the freedom to publish at home and abroad, and the promotion of reading and literacy. † 37 38 Discussion1. The Library Project How did Google respond? Discussion1 The Library Project Google’s Definition of â€Å"Fair Use† Google further supported its â€Å"Fair Use† argument by asserting the exact premise of the Supreme Court explanation in a precedent case. In a section of Google’s Books Search website titled, â€Å"What’s the Issue? ,† Google defended its stance: Google Print is an historic effort to make millions of books easier for people to find and buy. Creating an easy to use index of books is fair use under copyright law and supports the purpose of copyright: to increase the awareness and sales of books directly benefiting copyright holders. This short-sighted attempt to block Google Print works counter to the interests of not just the world’s readers, but also the world’s authors and publishers. Google issued an official statement â€Å" Copyright law is supposed to ensure that authors and publishers have an incentive to create new work, not stop people from finding out that the work exists. By helping people find books, we believe we can increase the incentive to publish them. After all, if a book isn’t discovered, it won’t be bought. † 39 40 Discussion1 The Library Project How much AG demand? $3 billion The Authors Guild is seeking $750 in damages for each copyrighted book Google copied, which would cost Google more than $3 billion, Google attorney Seth Waxman said. The guild argues Google is not making â€Å"fair use† of copyrighted material by offering snippets of works. Google has defended its library, saying it is fully compliant with copyright law. Discussion 1 Summary Who is harmed by Google’s Print Library program? Obviously, 2 parties were harmed by the birth of Google Book 1. Author Copyright, Revenue Reduction 2. Publisher Public can access online (free of charge), Publisher role will be finally eliminated 42. Parker at one point asked Robert J. LaRocca, a lawyer for the Authors Guild, said the legal issues would not take another decade or more to resolve. He said one possible outcome was that Google would be banned from going ahead with its plans, although he called that outcome â€Å"very remote† and said it was more likely that the Authors Guild, if victorious, would ask the judge to order a compulsory license requiring Google to pay $750 for each new copyrighted book it copied. 41 7 10/7/2013 For each group, try to devise a solution that would eliminate or lessen the harm. Author Copyright compensation Publisher Business agreement, Join Venture, Put them in the business model Fair Payment Structure for each parties may hard to be determined 43 44 Discussion2 How they make MONEY ? How they make MONEY ? The Top 10 Most Expensive Keywords are: 1. Insurance 2. Loans 3. Mortgage 4. Attorney 5. Credit 6. Lawyer 7. Donate 8. Degree 9. Hosting 10. Claim While the minimum bid per keyword is 5 cents in AdWords, the high cost keywords listed above are nowhere near that. Google can make up to $50 per click from the most expensive PPC keywords. Keyword Advertising is a highly lucrative business for Google. 45 46. 97% comes from online pay-per-click advertising. At WordStream we can’t How does Google make money? Surprisingly, get enough PPC; that’s why we decided to conduct some research and find out what the most expensive keywords are in Google. Some of our results about the most popular and most expensive PPC keywords were to be expected, while some (like cord blood and mesothelioma treatment) surprised us and our readers. Discussion2 How they make MONEY ? 47 Discussion Discussion 1 Summary Why is Google Pursuing the Library Project? What is in it for Google? Make a list of benefit to Google Discussion2 48 8 10/7/2013. Discussion 2 Summary Why is Google Pursuing the Library Project? 1. Increase Google Searches 2. More ads = More Profit 3. Market Expansion 4. Horizontal Integration 5. Build barrier to entry 49 50 Discussion If you were a librarian, would you support Google’s Print Library program? Why or why not? Discussion3 Publishers’ Opinion Google Books is a key to our overall Internet strategy of reaching new markets with our books in an effective and efficient way. We have seen overall traffic to our site increase, backlist sales rise, and we’ve acquired nearly 4,000 new direct book customers for free since the program launched. Evan Schnittman VP, Rights & Bus Dev 51 52 Discussion3 A 1999 Blackwell’s title, Metaphysics: An Anthology, has had 2,583 page views and 597 â€Å"buy this book† click-throughs since it became part of the program. Without any other marketing, the title has had â€Å"its best year in the U. S. since publication†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The high rate of â€Å"buy this book† clicks is translating into sales for our deep backlist. Edward Crutchley Book Sales Director Discussion3 Authors’ Opinion When The Gulf War Chronicles first appear in Google Books, its sales ranking on the Barnes & Noble index jumped by 85% and stay there Richard S. Lowry. Books featured in the Partner Program show a 15. 3% (customer) â€Å"conversion rate,† which means that web surfers who clicked on a Simon and Schuster book in Google Books either bought a book or went to the Simon and Schuster web site and, for example, subscribed to a newsletter. Conversion rates for other search engines languish around 1-3%. Kate Tentler Senior Vice President of Digital Media, Simon & Schuster 53 54 9 10/7/2013 Discussion3 The Library Project Copyright Dimension Discussion3 The Library Project Copyright Around The World 55 Mostly between 50 – 70 years 56 Discussion3 The Library Project Lesson from Related Industry Arriba Vs Kelly Discussion3 The Library Project Lesson from Related Industry Copyright of Image Copyright of Image Court Decision Arriba Soft operated a visual search engine on the Internet, which returned images instead of text to user search queries. Arriba compiled images from various websites and despite not getting consent from any of these websites, it formed a database containing reduced thumbnails of these images. Leslie Kelly, a professional photographer from California specializing in photographing California gold rush country, discovered that some of his pictures were embedded in the Arriba database. He sued Arriba Soft for copyright infringement. In this case, the U. S. Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit determined Arriba’s use of Kelly’s photographs were â€Å"Fair Use† and thus not a copyright infringement. 1) not be commercial in nature, but a â€Å"transformative† purpose 2) The nature of copyright law is to protect creative works more so than works of fact 3) only provided the thumbnails of the images 4) serve as an advertising medium for Kelly’s work What do you think ? 57 58 Discussion3 The Library Project Lesson from Related Industry Copyright of Image Discussion3 The Library Project Lesson from Related Industry UMG vs MP3. com Court Decision Copyright of Music The court decided (1) & (4) were consistent with Fair Use and (2) & (3) were not. But on balance this was enough for it to grant Arriba’s motion and deny Kelly’s claims to copyright infringement, because of the weight it attached to (1). In 2000, UMG Recordings, Inc. brought a lawsuit to the U. S. District Court for the Southern District of New York against MP3. com. UMG Recordings sued MP3. com for copying its recordings and placing them onto MP3. com’s computer servers. These  The court found that Arriba never took ownership of Kelly’s work and determined the search engine used Kelly’s images for a purely transformative purpose. servers allowed people who had previously bought the CD to access the music on this CD online from multiple locations. 59 60 10 10/7/2013 Discussion3 The Library Project Lesson from Related Industry Copyright of Music Discussion3 The Library Project Lesson from Related Industry Sony Vs Universal City Studio Court Decision Copyright of Recording Universal City Studios sued Sony Corporations in 1979 on the claim that Sony’s MP3. com elected to defend itself with a Fair Use argument. The district courts, however, ruled in UMG’s favor stating that â€Å"copyright holders new recording device was a copyright infringement. The Betamax (Sony’s home recording device) allowed users to copy complete TV shows for â€Å"time shift† – the ability to watch programs at a time different than the allotted broadcast time slot. Sony argued its recording device was fair use and did not constitute any contributory infringement of copyright. had the exclusive rights to control derivative markets by refusing to license a copyrighted work. †29 By entirely copying recordings – creative works closer to the core of copyright protection The court did not find MP3. com’s use of the recordings to be consistent with the tenets of fair use. 61 62 Discussion3 The Library Project Lesson from Related Industry Copyright of Recording Discussion3 The Library Project Impact on Music Industry Court Decision The Supreme Court agreed with Sony on its contention of fair use, and in its decision emphasized the value of creating a new area of fair use to adapt for new technological capabilities: â€Å"Where valuable technology does not promote contributory infringement by third parties, the courts are more likely to grant fair use. † 63 64 Discussion3 The Library Project Format Revolution Discussion3 The Library Project Impact on Music Industry According to an undated RIAA press release, â€Å"global music piracy causes $12. 5 billion of economic losses every year, 71,060 U. S. jobs lost, and a loss of $422 million in tax revenues, $291 mil, a loss of $2. 7 billion in workers’ earningslion in personal income tax and $131 million in lost corporate income and production taxes. †35 In addition, RIAA argues, the loss in revenues provides a disincentive for record producers and music artists to produce the music. (For a graphical view of piracy on the music industry, please see Appendix IV). The Decline and Fall of Recorded Music Is the Case For a Format Revolution 65 66 11 10/7/2013 Discussion3 The Library Project Impact on Music Industry Discussion3 The Library of Digitization on the Book Industry The Impact Project Association of Canadian Publishers concluded that the best course of action was to But it turned out  to be that the not everyone agree with RIAA. But which side is the majority? And which side is correct? â€Å"educate publishers as to the situation but to leave it to them to determine whether to participate or not. † The report emphasized that â€Å"Google presents the industry with both an opportunity and a huge challenge. † The report noted that there is no fee for publishers to join the program, and Google â€Å"gives publishers a share of revenue from contextual ads, placed next to the book pages, that are actually clicked on. † advised that, â€Å"publishers are best served if they  own their own digital files, that Google does not give publishers a copy of any file that they digitize and that the Google file is not of superior quality. 67 68 If you were a librarian, would you support Google’s Print Library program? Why or why not? 1. Support as long as it’s under â€Å"Copyright Law†, or at the point that 1. 1 Authors will be properly inspired 1. 2 Business is on going 2. Google Books will be like world digital public library which definitely better than the physical library in many ways 3. The integration of knowledge will top up the wisdom of mankind 69 Discussion Discussion 3 Summary. Why firms like Amazon, Yahoo, and Microsoft opposed the Library Project? Why would a firm like Sony Support Google? 70 Discussion4 The Library Digital Cold War ofProject World? Discussion4 The Library Project Amazon vs Google â€Å"Dozens of libraries have understood the danger of the Google Book maneuver and have joined the OCA. † Jean-Claude Guedon, Professor of Literature at the University of Montreal 71 72 12 10/7/2013 Discussion4 Discussion4 The Library Project Microsoft, Yahoo vs Google Both are the competitors of Google in some ways.. But clearly that there is a huge gap between them, what will Google. Books impact on the gap? Will Google Books Settlement make the investment in Amazon’s Kindle both device and file useless ? With Google Books, every device that can connect to the internet can be e-Reader 73 74 Discussion4 The Library Project Google & Sony 75 Google TV is a Smart TV platform from Google co-developed by Intel, Sony, and Logitech that was launched in October 2010. [2] Google TV integrates the Google Chromebrowser to create an interactive television overlay on top of existing Internet 76 television and WebTV sites to add a 10-foot user interface. Discussion4 The Library Project Sony vs Amazon Discussion 4 Summary Why firms like Amazon, Yahoo, and Microsoft opposed the Library Project? The Google Books Settlement will grant Google the exclusive right to sell out of print works that remain under contract Amazon will be impacted dramatically because it is the biggest online bookstore and have just created their reading device â€Å"Kindle† which is pictured as the new era of book reading 77 78 13 10/7/2013 Discussion 4 Summary Why firms like Amazon, Yahoo, and Microsoft opposed the Library Project? Discussion 4 Summary Why would a firm like Sony Support Google? Yahoo would also opposed the settlement because Google search will definitely be more benefit to searchers Microsoft is the one who try creating the online library but not successful Sony is also the one who offer the reader device â€Å"The Daily Edition† so it want to challenges Amazon’s Kindle sale Sony also has the agreement with Google to access more than 500,000 e-books 79 80 Discussion Do you think the Library Project will result in a de facto monopoly in e-books, or will there be other competitors? Discussion5 The Digitalization Other Library Project Effort Live Search Books – Funded by Microsoft and started in 2006, folded in May of 2008. www. archive. org – driving force behind the Open Content Alliance, Internet Archive is a non-profit, and is the second-largest books scanning project, has scanned 1. 3 million books www. booksurge. com– subsidiary of Amazon. com, effort to digitize â€Å"hard-to-fi nd† books, giving 35% royalties on retail sales of paperback books. 81 82 Discussion5 The Digitalization Other Library Project Effort . Discussion5 The Library Monopoly ? Google, TheProject Jstor. org – archive system for academic journals â€Å" europeana. eu– provides access to European digital items including digitized paintings, books and films. I worry about the effects on competition. Google’s high settlement payments are barriers to entry by anyone else. Though it’s plausible no one had the resources or spine to compete with Google regardless, a judicial determination that the use was fair would have enabled more competition in parallel and distinct library offerings. Now, Google cements its advantage in yet another field. † www. safaribooksonline. com – provides access to books, videos, and tutorials from O’Reilly, Peachpit, Prentice Hall, Microsoft Press, and others. 83 Wendy Seltzer, Professor at American University’s Washington College of Law 84 14. 10/7/2013 Discussion5 The Library Monopoly ? Google, TheProject Discussion5 The Library Monopoly ? Google, TheProject â€Å" Has Google backed away from an interesting and socially constructive fair use fight in order to secure market power for itself? Does this deal give Google an unfair head start against any secondcomers to book scanning? Michael Madison, Professor at the University of Pittsburgh School of Law † As part of the settlement, Google agreed to pay $34. 5 million to establish the Books Rights Registry, which is supposed to serve as an independent party to dole out Google’s royalties to the rightful parties. Seventy percent of all revenues earned through the Google Books Project would go to the Books Rights Registry, and then on the holders of the copyrights. 85 86 Discussion5 Google, The Monopoly ? Discussion 5 Summary â€Å" Google will enjoy what can only be called a monopoly – a monopoly of a new kind, not of railroads or steel but of access to information. Google has no serious competitors. Do you think the Library Project will result in a de facto monopoly in e-books, or will there be other competitors? Probable !!!! 1. The settlement allows Google to sell copies of works that no other organization in the U. S. can sell 2. The settlement allows Google to do things that no one else can reasonably expect to ever be able to do. 87 88 † Robert Darnton, Head of the Harvard library system Discussion 5 Summary Do you think the Library Project will result in a de facto monopoly in e-books, or will there be other competitors? Discussion 5 Summary Do you think the Library Project will result in a de facto monopoly in e-books, or will there be other competitors? Probable !!!! 3. Currently, there is no reasonable expectation that a competitor to Google Book will or could ever arise 4. The current settlement allows Google to set prices for books that will ultimately be anti-competitive. 5. As more and more libraries disappear, and physical copies of orphaned works become harder to come by, Google’s monopolistic possession of these works will only strengthen. BTW !!!! Nothing is impossible in digital world, there are strongly negative criticisms about Google from may parties. Some even share their resource and build the new organization to challenge Google Book. The case like Microsoft Encarta and Wikipedia may be not only the case that giant is defeated by ant 89 90 15.